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Genetic Analysis I > Chapter 16.4-16.6 > Flashcards

Chapter 16.4-16.6 Flashcards

1
Q

Transformation

A

> 30 pathways

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2
Q

Stress response systems help bacteria

A

Bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from their environment; acquire genes that make it better able to survive

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3
Q

In transformation, recipient cell must be

A

competent

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4
Q

competent

A

able to take up DNA from the medium

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5
Q

Mechanism of natural transformation

A
  1. Donor DNA binds to the recipient cell at the receptor site
  2. One donor strand is degraded. The admitted donor strand pairs with the homologous region of the bacterial chromosome
  3. The donor strand is integrated into the bacterial chromosome
  4. After cell replication, one cell is identical to original recipient; the other carries the mutant genes
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6
Q

Contransformation

A

can occur at a high frequency when two genes are close together in the genome

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7
Q

Cotransformation efficiency

A

indicator of whether genes are genetically linked

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8
Q

Bacterial cells can be artificially transformed by

A

treating the cells with
reagents that make the cell membrane/cell wall permeable to DNA

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9
Q

Treatments for artificially transformation

A

*Calcium chloride at cold temperature followed by a heat shock
*Electroporation (electric pulse)

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10
Q

What kind of DNA can be transformed into cells

A

linear and circular

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11
Q

Conjugation

A

donor carries a special type of plasmid that allows it to transfer DNA directly when it comes in contact with the recipient

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12
Q

Conjugation recipient

A

exconjugant

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13
Q

conjugative plasmids

A

plasmids that initiate conjugation because they carry the genes that allow the donor to transfer genes to the recipient.

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14
Q

F plasmid

A

conjugative plasmid that carries many genes required for the transfer of DNA

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15
Q

Cells carrying an F plasmid

A

F+ cells

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16
Q

Genes carriedby F plasmid

A

Formation of appendage (pilus) by which a donor cell contacts a recipent cell
Endonuclease enzyme that nicks the F plasmid’s DNA at a specific site

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17
Q

origin of transfer

A

during bacterial conjugation, the spot on the F plasmid where replicative transfer of DNA from the donor to the recipient cell initiates (formed by endonuclease enzyme)

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18
Q

F pilus

A

hollow protein tube that protrudes from an F+, Hfr, or F’ bacterial cell and binds to the cell wall of an F− cell. Retraction of the pilus into the F+ cell draws the two cells close together in preparation for gene transfer.

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19
Q

The process of conjugation

A
  1. The pilus consists of a protein that binds specifically to the cell walls of F-
  2. Attachment to F- cells and retratcs and cells are drawn together
  3. Gene transfer: A single strand of DNA travels from the male to the female cell
  4. In the original F+ cell, newly synthesized DNA replaces the single strand transferred to the previously F- cell
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20
Q

Chromosomal integration of F plasmid
by HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION

A

~1 in 105 F+ cells becomes an Hfr cell

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21
Q

Hfr

A

High Frequency of Recombinants
for chromosomal genes

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22
Q

episomes

A

plasmids, like the F plasmid, that can integrate into the host genome.

23
Q

Gene transfer from Hfr cells to F- cells

A

cells remains F- but carries some genes from Hfr chromosome

24
Q

Rarely, F’ plasmids are formed upon

A

recombination between
genomic DNA flanking the integrated F factor

25
Q

F’ plasmid

A

F plasmid + some bacterial chromosomal genes

26
Q

A rare recombination event between regions of limited sequence similarity permits

A

out-looping of F factor including trp+ locus

27
Q

Transfer of F’ plasmid to an F－cell can generate

A

merodiploid

28
Q

Merodiploid

A

partially diploid bacterium
(carries a second copy of part of its genome)

29
Q

Merodiploids are useful for

A

complementation studies

30
Q

If the merodiploid containing trp-yand trp-xis able to grow without tryptophan
added to the medium ->

A

mutations are in different genes

31
Q

Generalized transduction

A

transfer of any random
fragment of donor DNA to
the recipient

32
Q

Temperate phages Virulent

A

Enter lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle

33
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

the integration of a bacteriophage into the bacterial host genome as a prophage, which does no immediate harm to the cell.

34
Q

prophage

A

a phage genome integrated into the bacterial host genome

35
Q

lysogen

A

a bacterial cell that carries a prophage.

36
Q

integrated cop of the temperate bacteriophage DNA is

A

lysogen with prophage

37
Q

specialized transducing phages

A

bacteriophage carrying mainly phage DNA but also one or a few of the bacterial genes that lie near the site of prophage insertion. They can transfer these genes to another bacterium in the process known as specialized transduction.

38
Q

specialized transduction

A

transfer of donor genes close to
the prophage excision sites to
the recipient

39
Q

Mistakes during excision of prophage DNA result in

A

specialized transducing phages

40
Q

Mistakes during excision of prophage DNA result in

A

specialized transducing phages

41
Q

genomic islands

A

large DNA segments transferred from one bacterial species to another.

42
Q

pathogenicity islands

A

segments of DNA in disease-causing bacteria that encode several genes involved in pathogenesis.

43
Q

Pathogenicity islands appear to have been transferred into the bacteria by horizontal gene transfer from

A

differet species

44
Q

Recombinant mariner transpoon and mariner transposase gene introduced on plasmid lacking

A

replication origin

45
Q

Inverse PCR to identify

A

transposon insertion sites

46
Q

Gene targeting via homologous recombination

A

To examine functions of genes by making null (or other types of) mutations

47
Q

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs

A

catalyze the formation of the peptide
cross-links

48
Q

Penicillin inhibits

A

enzymatic activity of PBPs in bacterial cell wall

49
Q

Mutations that cause penicillin resistance

A

penA, penB, mtr

50
Q

mtr

A

increased number of efflux pumps expel more penicillin

51
Q

penB

A

mutant proin protein decreases penicillin entry

52
Q

penA

A

mutant PBP cannot bind penicillin

53
Q

Metagenomics

A

study of collective bacteria within a community

Genetic Analysis I (9 decks)

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