16.1-16.3

Question 1

Stress response systems help bacteria

Answer 1

adapt and survive under challenging conditions

Question 2

Disrupt important physiological processes such as DNA replication and cell division

Answer 2

pathogens

Question 3

Bacterial chromosome

Answer 3

densely packed structure (nucleoid body)

Question 4

Bacterial cell division takes place via

Answer 4

binary fission

Question 5

On average, an E. coli genome has ~

Answer 5

4700 genes

Question 6

Core genome

Answer 6

encodes genes important for metabolic functions of E.
coli species (cell membranes, cell wall . . .)

Question 7

Variable genome

Answer 7

encodes genes necessary for adaptation and survival
in diverse environments

Question 8

Pangenome

Answer 8

Genes from core genome plus all the genes from different
strains of a given bacterium

Question 9

Bacterial genomes contain

Answer 9

DNA transpoons

Question 10

With IS, enzyme transposase is flanked by

Answer 10

repeat sequences at the ends of the IS element

Question 11

With IS, Transposase enzyme recognizes the inverted repeats, and

Answer 11

catalyzes the excision and insertion of the transposon sequence

Question 12

Composite transposable (Tn) elements contain

Answer 12

resistance genes against antibiotics or toxic metals in addition to transposase

Question 13

insertion of a transposon within genes can cause

Answer 13

mutations or affect gene regulation

Question 14

Transposons can cause

Answer 14

genomic rearrangements

Question 15

Transposon distribution within the bacterial genome can

Answer 15

vary
widely between strains of the same species

Question 16

Plasmids consist of

Answer 16

extrachromosomal DNA

Question 17

F episome participates in gene transfer via

Answer 17

conjugation

Question 18

episome compared to plasmid

Answer 18

episome much larger and can integrate into the
chromosome

Question 19

transposons carry the

Answer 19

the antibiotic resistance genes

Question 20

Plasmids can be transferred to other

Answer 20

teria, sometimes across species

Question 21

Plasmids being transferred can lead to

Answer 21

rapid spread of antibiotic resistance

Question 22

Multiple resistance genes may be located between

Answer 22

two IS elements, allowing them to transpose as a unit

Question 23

If pathogenic bacteria acquire the plasmids, they can become resi

Answer 23

antibiotics

Question 24

Auxotrophic mutations

Answer 24

cannot grow in minimal medium

Question 25

Mutations affecting catabolism resulting in

Answer 25

an inability to break
down complex compounds/chemicals

Question 26

Classes of bacterial mutants

Answer 26

Prototroph and Auxotroph

Question 27

Prototroph mutants can synthesize

Answer 27

all of its amino acids, nucleic acids, vitamins, and other
cellular constituents from inorganic nutrients

Question 28

Prototroph can grow in

Answer 28

minimal medium or medium lacking the supplement

Question 29

A Selection

Answer 29

a growth condition that allows for the selective
propagation of genetically marked cells

Question 30

A Screen

Answer 30

growth condition where both mutant and wild type are
able to grow but can be distinguished phenotypically

Question 31

Any mutation of the leu gene will result in

Answer 31

bacteria being auzotroph for leucine (unable to synthesize leucine and can only grow in media supplemented with leucine)

Question 32

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 32

A process by which transfer of genetic material occurs between two organisms
without one being its offspring

Question 33

Horizontal gene transfer is important

Answer 33

for bacterial evolution and contributes to the spread of antimicrobial
resistance in bacteria

Question 34

Conjugation horizontal gene transfer

Answer 34

Donor DNA is transferred directly to recipient through a connecting tube. Contact and transfer are promoted by a specialized plasmid in the donor cell

Question 35

Transduction horizontal gene transfer

Answer 35

Donor DNA is packaged in released bacteriophage

Question 36

Transformation horizontal gene transfer size

Answer 36

~500 bp - 10 kb

Question 37

Transformation horizontal gene transfer creates

Answer 37

transformant

Question 38

Conjugation horizontal gene transfer size of DNA segment

Answer 38

~30-50 kb

Question 39

Conjugation horizontal gene transfer size of DNA mediated by special structures

Answer 39

Conjugative pili and Encoded by the F plasmid

Question 40

Transduction horizontal gene transfer size of DNA segment

Answer 40

~40 - 120 kb

Question 41

Transduction horizontal gene transfer creates

Answer 41

transductant

Question 42

Conjugation horizontal gene transfer creates

Answer 42

Exconjugant