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Genetic Analysis I > Chapater 6.1 and 6.2 > Flashcards

Chapater 6.1 and 6.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Friedrich Miescher

A

Found phosphorus-rich material from nuclei of human white blood cells and named it nuclein (major component DNA)

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2
Q

DNA 3 main characteristics

A
  1. Made of sugar deoxyribose
  2. Found mainly in cell nuclei
  3. Acidic
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3
Q

DNA

A

the molecule of heredity that encodes genetic information

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4
Q

How is deoxyribose different than ribose?

A

2’ carbon has a hydrogen rather than a OH (hydroxyl) group

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5
Q

Nucleotide

A

sub unit of DNA and RNA consisitng of nitrogenous base (A,G,T,C, or U), phosphate group and a sugar (deoxy or ribose)

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6
Q

Bonds joining one nucleotide to another (form backbone of DNA)

A

covalent phosphodiester bonds

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7
Q

Polymer

A

linked chain or repeating subunits that form a molecule

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8
Q

What was believed to serve as genetic material before DNA

A

Proteins

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9
Q

Why did they believe proteins over DNA

A

proteins are built of 20 different amino acids while DNA has 4; assumed DNA was too simple to contain complexity of genes

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10
Q

With bacteria only having one circle chromosome, how do they divide?

A

binary fussion

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11
Q

Prerequisite of genetic studies

A

detection of alternative forms of a trait among individuals of a population

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12
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

Study Strep. pneumonia, in two bacteria forms smooth (S)(wild-type) and rough (R)(mutation)

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13
Q

S bacteria appear smooth because

A

synthesize a polysaccharide capsule surround the cell
Virulent and kill most lab animails exposed to it

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14
Q

R bacteria

A

lack enzyme to make polysaccharide

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15
Q

Polysaccharide capsule function

A

protect the bacteria from an animal’s immune system

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16
Q

Griffith’s finding

A

In 1928, genetic info from dead bacterial cells could be transmitted to live cels (live R forms + heat-killed S forms)
(Transformation)

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17
Q

Transformation

A

ability of a substance to change the genetic characteristics of an organism

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18
Q

Transformation mechanism

A

bacteria transfer genes from one strain to another
occurs when DNA from a donor is added to the bacterial growth medium and then taken up from the medium by the recipient

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19
Q

Oswald T. Avery

A

In 1931, achieved transformation without using any animals, by growing R-form bacteria in medium in the presence of components from dead S forms

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20
Q

Oswald T. Avery goal

A

Find the transforming principle (identify heritable substance in bacterial extract that induces transformation of R to S)

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21
Q

Oswald T. Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty (1944)

A

treatment of purified DNA with a DNA-degrading enzyme destroying ability to cause mutation (DNA was the principle)

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22
Q

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1939)

A

Inflected bacterial cells with viruses; phages

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23
Q

Bacteriophages (phages)

A

a virus for which the natural host is a bacterial cell
Bacteria eaters

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24
Q

Life cycle phages

A

Inflect a bacterial cell; after 30 minutes cell bursts and hundred of newly made phages spill out

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25
Q

Phage particle consist of

A

DNA contained within a protein coat

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26
Q

Phage ghost

A

viral shell that remains attached to outer surface of bacterial cell wall by tiny syringes that bind and inject material into host

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27
Q

Waring Blender Experiment (Hershey and Chase)

A

Grew two separate sets of phage T2 in bacteria in two different culture media (one infused with radioactively 32P and the other with 35S). This would label proteins grown S and DNA in P (Mark each material when the phage inflect fresh bacterial cells) and used Waring blender to disrupt each one

28
Q

32P

A

radioactive phosphorus

29
Q

35S

A

radioactive sulfur

30
Q

Proteins incorporate

A

sulfur

31
Q

DNA contains

A

phosphorus but no sulfur

32
Q

Waring blender purpose

A

separating viral ghosts from bacteria harboring viral genes

33
Q

35S (in protein) remained in

A

supernatant solution

34
Q

Hershey-Chase experiment showed

A

Extracellular ghost were mostly protein while phage genes are made of DNA

35
Q

Which experiment had the greatest impact on DNA findings?

A

Hershey-Chase

36
Q

Diffraction pattern

A

reflect the helical structure of DNA

37
Q

What links the nucleotide in DNA chain

A

phosphodiester bond

38
Q

1-9

A

purines

39
Q

1-6

A

pyrimidines

40
Q

Purines

A

A and G

41
Q

pyrimidines

A

C, T, and U

42
Q

Nitrgogen base attached to

A

covalent attached to 1’ carbon of deaoxyribose

43
Q

Nitrogen base + Sugar

A

Nucleoside

44
Q

Phosphate group attached to

A

5’ carbon of sugar

45
Q

polarity

A

overall direction
property of having distinct ends

46
Q

Phosphodiester bonds form link between

A

3’ carbon of on nucleotide and t’ carbon of the other

47
Q

Two ends of a single chain are

A

chemically distinct

48
Q

5’ end

A

the first nucleotide

49
Q

Watson and Crick (1953)

A

discovered the structure of the DNA molecule
DNA double helix

50
Q

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

A

X-ray images that showed that the molecule is spiral-shaped or helical

51
Q

Spacing between repeating units along axis of helix is

A

3.4 A

52
Q

1.0 A in meters

A

1.0 * 10^(-10) meters

53
Q

DNA helix completes one turn every

A

34 A

54
Q

Diameter of DNA molecule

A

20 A

55
Q

Single nucleotide diameter

A

10 A

56
Q

Erwin Chargaff showed

A

ratios of A-T and G-C had a 1:1 ratio

57
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

weak electrostatic bonds that link pyrimidines and purines together

58
Q

A and T hydrogen bonds

A

2 bonds

59
Q

G and C hydrogen bonds

A

3 hydrogen bonds

60
Q

A:T and G:C had the same shape which meant

A

two pairs can fit in any order between backbones without distorting the structure

61
Q

Complementary base pairing (Chargaff ratios)

A

equals same amount

62
Q

Displacement of backbones generates

A

2 grooves
1 major (much wider)
1 minor groove

63
Q

B-form DNA

A

double helix spiral to the right

64
Q

most common form of DNA

A

B-form

65
Q

Z form

A

helix spirals to the left and the backbone takes on a zigzag shape

66
Q

Some viruses have

A

small, single-stranded DNA (omegaX174 and M13)

67
Q

Cicular and single stranded DNA is converted to

A

double helix during replication

Genetic Analysis I (9 decks)

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