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Genetic Analysis I > 6.3 and 6.4 > Flashcards

6.3 and 6.4 Flashcards

1
Q

Average human chromosome nucleotide

A

250 million

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2
Q

Transcription factors

A

turn genes on or off

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3
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

cut DNA at particular sites

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4
Q

Sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins

A

Restriction enzymes or transcription factors

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5
Q

Catabolite gene activator protein (CAP)

A

recognize specific base-pair sequences in major groove of double helix

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6
Q

Proteins can access genetic info of DNA

A

without dissembling the double helix

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7
Q

Unwinding of DNA

A

exposes a single sequence of bases on each of two strands

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8
Q

Prokaryotes DNA

A

double stranded, closed circular chromosome

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9
Q

Eukaryotes DNA

A

double-stranded linear chromosomes

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10
Q

Virus DNA

A

single or double stranded, circular, or linear

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11
Q

Retroviruses (Polio and AIDS) genetic material

A

use ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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12
Q

RNA sugar

A

ribose

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13
Q

RNA length

A

fewer nucleotides than DNA

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14
Q

RNA strands

A

flexible and some regions can fold back and form base pairs with other parts of molecule

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15
Q

RNA is ____ stable than DNA

A

less

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16
Q

Complementary base pairing ensures

A

semi-conservative replication

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17
Q

SEmiconservative replication

A

copying in which one strand of each new double helix is conserved from the parent molecule and the other is completely new

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18
Q

Conservative replication

A

one helix is completely conserved while the other helix is made of two new strands

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19
Q

Dispersive replication

A

both daughter helix’s would contain new and parent material

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20
Q

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

A

In 1958, confirmed the semiconservative nature of DNA

21
Q

Control in Meselson and Stahl experiment

A

All nitrogen was in normal isotope N14

22
Q

During S-phase of interphase

A

cell replicates the double helix semiconservatibely

23
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that forms a new DNA strand during replication by adding nucleotides reverse complementary to a template

24
Q

Arthur Kornberg

A

purified components of the replication mechanism
1. DNA template
2. Primer
3. Nucleotide triphosphates

25
Q

dNTP

A

high energy phosphate bonds that is need to synthesize every DNA molecule

26
Q

Primer

A

short, preexisiting DNA oligonucleotide or RNA molecule to which nucleotides can be added by DNA polymerase

27
Q

DNA polymerase cannot

A

establish the first link in a new chain (need to start with primer)

28
Q

Stages of replication

A

Initiation and elogation

29
Q

Initiation

A

proteins open up the double helix and prepare it for complementary base pairing

30
Q

elongation

A

proteins connect the correct sequence of nucleotides on both newly formed DNA helix

31
Q

Origin of replication

A

short sequence of nucleotides where DNA replication initiates

32
Q

Initiator protein binds to origin and attracts

A

DNA helicase

33
Q

DNA helicase

A

enzyme that unwinds the double helix

34
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of a preexisting strand of nucleic acid

35
Q

Living cells need ____ for replication

A

RNA primers

36
Q

Primase

A

synthesize RNA primer

37
Q

DNA polymerase III catalyzes

A

polymerization

38
Q

polymerization

A

joining of a new nucleotide to the preceding nucleotide through the formation of a phosphodiester bond

39
Q

DNA polymerase molecule moves along

A

anti-parallel template (3’-to-5’ direction)

40
Q

DNA construction moves in

A

5’-to-3’ direction

41
Q

Leading strand

A

DNA strand replicated continuously 5’ to 3’ toward the unwinding Y-shaped replication fork

42
Q

Lagging strand

A

discontinuously replicated t-to3 direction

43
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

small fragment (about 1000 bases) joined after synthesis to form lagging strand

44
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

replace the RNA primer of the previously made Okazaki fragment with DNA

45
Q

DNA ligase

A

joins Okazaki fragments into a continuous strand of DNA

46
Q

Replication is

A

bidirectional

47
Q

Supercoiling

A

Additional twisting of the DNA molecule caused by movement of the replication fork during unwinding

48
Q

Toposimoerase

A

relaxes supercoils by breaking, unwinding and suturing the DNA by separate (nicking) daughter chromosomes

49
Q

Telomeres

A

Specialized terminal structures on eukaryotic chromosomes that ensure maintenance and accurate replication of the two ends of each linear chromosome

Genetic Analysis I (9 decks)

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