chapter 16 - treatment of psychological disorders Flashcards
define treatment or therapy
systematic procedures designed to change abnormal behaviour into more normal behaviour
what are the three essential features of therapy?
- a sufferer
- a healer
- a series of contacts between the sufferer and healer
define psychotherapy
when the client and therapist use words and acts to overcome psychological difficulties (talk therapy)
define biological therapy
the use of physical and chemical procedures to overcome psychological difficulties
what is the main reason that people don’t seek treatment?
stigma
what are the two most common disorders that people have when seeking therapy?
anxiety and depression
in what three ways can people enter treatment?
- on their own
- by suggestion
- by force
who can conduct treatment? (4)
- psychologists (CANT prescribe meds)
- psychiatrists (CAN prescribe meds)
- counsellors (can be anyone)
- psychiatric social workers
what are the three therapy settings?
- public institutions
- schools
- private offices
what is the “revolving door” in terms of the deinstitutionalization movement?
a cycle in which a person enters treatment, is discharged, and relapses due to difficulties integrating into society, and ending up back in an institution
what are the three types of biological treatments?
- drug therapy
- electroconvulsive therapy
- psychosurgery
what are psychotropic drugs?
medications that act primarily on the brain, used to reduce symptoms of psychological disorders
what are the three types of classic antipsychotic drugs?
- chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
- thioridazine (Mellaril)
- haloperidol (Haldol)
what do the classic antipsychotic drugs do? how do they work?
they reduce dopamine, which would reduce positive symptoms but do nothing to reduce negative symptoms
what are the three types of atypical antipsychotic drugs?
- clozapine (Clozaril)
- risperidone (Risperdal)
- olanzapine (Zyprexa)
what do atypical antipsychotic drugs do? how do they work?
they affect both dopamine and serotonin, they can help with some negative symptoms (help those classics don’t work for)
what type of antipsychotic drugs are typically tried first?
atypical antipsychotics
what are the three main side effects of classical antipsychotics?
- movement abnormalities (shaking)
- Parkinson-like symptoms (tremors)
- tardive dyskinesia (tics)
what are the main symptoms of atypical antipsychotics?
- less movement abnormalities
- lower white blood cells (clozapine only)
- increase risk of obesity
- increase risk of diabetes
what hormones/neurotransmitters are affected by antidepressants?
serotonin and norepinephrine
what are the types of antidepressants?
- tricyclics (block reuptake of serotonin/norepinephrine)
- MAOIs (prevent breakdown of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine)
- SSRIs (block reuptake of serotonin)
- SNRIs (block reuptake of serotonin/norepinephrine)
what are the different side effects of tricyclics, SSRIs and SNRIs?
tricyclics: tremors, confusion, heart arrythmias, confusion
SSRIS: increased suicide risk for first two months
SNRIs: increased risk of diabetes and heart problems
why is ketamine a controversial drug?
it takes effect very quickly, but can cause neurotoxicity and addiction (only useful in short-term usage)
what is the most common mood stabilizer? what are the side effects?
lithium!
thyroid/kidney disease, memory loss, heart arrythmia, loss of bladder/bowel control
what is the most common alternative for lithium?
valproate (much less side effects)
what is the most common type of antianxiety drugs? what are the problems with it?
benzodiazepines!
can create dependency, can relax your brain so much that you can forget to breathe
what are the most popular types of benzodiazepines?
Xanax, Ativan, and Valium
what is a placebo?
an inactive substance that mimics a drug
what is electroconvulsive therapy?
use of electric shock to trigger brain seizures in hopes of relieving abnormal functioning
what is vagus nerve stimulation?
an implanted device sends electrical signals to the brain via the vagus nerve
what is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
electromagnetic coil placed on/above the head sends a current into the prefrontal cortex
what is trephining?
chipping hole into the skull as a treatment for various brain conditions
what is a lobotomy?
cutting the connections between the frontal lobe and the lower centers of the brain
what is deep brain stimulation?
implanted electrodes deliver stimulation to areas of the brain (Parkinson’s example)
what is the free association technique in psychodynamic therapy?
allowing clients to freely talk about whatever they want, uncensored, as the therapist looks for clues to unconscious issues
what do psychodynamic theorists believe are the cause of disorders?
past traumatic events and inner conflicts
what is the therapist interpretation technique?
therapists share their interpretations of a clients associations (when they’re ready)
what is resistance in terms of therapy?
a client encounter blocks in their free association to avoid painful topics
what is transference in terms of therapy?
a client acts toward the therapist as they have toward important figures in their childhood
what is manifest content vs latent content?
manifest: what actually happened in the dream
latent: what the dream really means
what is catharsis?
reliving past repressed feelings as a means of settling internal conflicts and overcoming problems
what is working through?
repeated examination to improve clarity of a situation
what is relational psychoanalytic therapy?
holds that therapists should form equal relationships with their clients (self disclosure about reactions to client)
what is the behavioural therapy perspective on why disorders are formed?
they are acquired in the same way as normal behaviours are, and can be changed in those same ways
what is systematic desensitization?
learns relaxation techniques, builds fear hierarchy, and is guided through exposure while practicing relaxation (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING)
what is aversion therapy?
help clients acquire anxiety responses to stimuli that are too attractive to them
what is token economy?
participants receive tokens (that can be traded for rewards) when displaying desired behaviours
what is social skills training?
therapists serve as models and teachers to help clients acquire desired social behaviours
what is Ellis’s rational emotive behavioural therapy?
designed to help clients discover and change the irrational assumptions that govern emotions, behaviours, and thinking
what is cognitive restructuring?
clients learn to replace negative interpretations with more positive ones
what is Beck’s cognitive therapy?
helps clients recognize and change dysfunctional thoughts
what is the purpose of second-wave cognitive behavioural therapies?
recognize problematic thoughts as just thoughts, teaching clients to accept thoughts rather than eliminating them
what is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?
clients learn to become mindful of their streams of thought and accept them
what is Rogers’s client-centered therapy?
help clients experience unconditional positive regard for themselves
what are the three qualities a therapist must show according to Rogers?
- unconditional positive regard
- accurate empathy
- genuineness
what is Gestalt therapy?
tries to help the client toward accepting and accurate self-views by challenging and frustrating the client
what is skillful frustration?
help clients see how manipulative they are by refusing to meet their needs or demands
what is role playing?
having clients act out various roles
what is the goal of existential therapy?
to help clients take responsibility for their lives, help them realize that they have freedom to choose their paths
what is the main focus of couples therapy or relationship counselling?
structure and communication patterns in the relationship
what is primary prevention?
efforts to improve community functioning and policies
what is secondary prevention?
treating disorders in early stages before they reach serious levels
what is tertiary prevention?
providing treatment so that moderate/severe disorders don’t become chronic problems
what are the most effective therapies for phobias?
behavioural therapies
what are the most effective therapies for anxiety disorders/depression/panic disorders?
cognitive-behavioural therapies
what is the most effective type of therapy for schizophrenia and bipolar disorders?
drug therapy
