chapter 10 - intelligence Flashcards
define intelligence
the ability to learn, to meet the demands of the environment, and to understand/control mental activities
define metacognition
ability to understand and control ones own mental processes (thinking about thinking)
what is factor analysis? what is s factor and g factor?
the statistical method for determining if items on a test correlate highly
g factor: general factor of intelligence underlying ALL distinct factors of mental abilities
s factor: specific factor uniquely tied to a distinct ability or area of function
(there are multiple s factors within a g factor)
what are the 7 primary mental abilities that Thurstone identified as the basic components of intelligence?
- verbal comprehension
- word fluency
- numeral skill
- spacial ability
- associative memory
- perceptual speed
- reasoning
(both g and s factor)
what is Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
the idea that there is no single unified intelligence, but several independent intelligences arising from different parts of the brain
what did Gardner believe were the 9 basic intelligences?
- linguistic
- logical-mathematical
- musical
- spacial
- bodily-kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- naturalistic
- existentialist
what are the three components of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
- internal (analytic)
- external (creative)
- experiential (practical)
what is the internal (analytic) component?
internal info-processing, acquiring info, planning, monitoring, and evaluating problems, and following directions (IQ tests)
what is the external (creative) component?
ability to think creatively and in novel circumstances or about novel ideas (ignored by IQ tests)
what is the experiential (practical) component?
the ability to adapt/improve ones environments, or to select new ones
what is the hierarchal model of intelligence?
general abilities -> specific abilities -> more specific behaviors associated
describe Cici’s bioecological model of intelligence?
he believed intelligence is a function of interactions among innate potential abilities, environmental context, and internal motivation
(development depends on interaction with the environment)
what is the psychometric approach to measuring intelligence?
it measures intelligence with psychological tests and searches for individual differences
what is reliability?
the degree to which tests produce the same scores over time
what is test-retest reliability?
does an individual get the same scores after taking the test multiple times?
what is split-half reliability?
if you divide items on one test into two, are the results of both tests relatively the same?
what is inter-rater reliability?
do different scorers give the same test the same score?
what is validity?
the extent to which a test accurately predicts what it is supposed to predict
what is content validity?
if the content of the test represents what it is intended to
what is a validity coefficient?
measures validity by correlating test scores with some external criterion
what is predictive validity?
extent to which a test predicts things it is supposed to
can a test be reliable without being valid?
yes
can a test be valid without being reliable?
no
what is the mean, median and mode?
mean: the average score
median: the middle point
mode: occurs most frequently
(all the same in a normal distribution)
what was the original purpose of the Binet Simon Intelligence tests?
it was a placement test for schools, and scores were given in “mental age”
what was Galton’s theory of psychophysical performance?
he believed that some people were more intelligent than others due to increased psychic energy (mental/psychological), and heightened sensitivity to stimuli
what did Terman do with the Binet Simon intelligence test?
he brought it into the USA, and adapted it to yield an intelligence quotent
what is an intelligence quotent?
a measure of intelligence, ratio of mental age to chronological age x 100
what was the problem with IQ tests in regards to the eugenics movement?
Terman believed his IQ tests could determine individuals “fitness” to reproduce
how did Wechsler change IQ tests to make them more fair?
He developed less verbal tests to be more fair for non-English speakers, and replaced IQ with a standardized score
what are the three tests Wechsler created?
WAIS: wechsler adult intelligence scale
WPPSI: wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence
WISC: wechsler intelligence scale for children
what is a stereotype threat?
poor performance due to fear of conforming to stereotypes
what is the Flynn effect?
the observed rise in IQ scores in the world over time
what are some possible reasons for the Flynn effect?
more test familiarity, improvements in education and nutrition, reduction in disease, more stimulating environments
why is evolution NOT an explanation for the Flynn effect?
because these changes are happening too fast to be considered a result of human evolution
define emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, express, assimilate and regulate emotion
what are the four main branches of emotional intelligence according to the Multi Factor Emotional Intelligence Scale?
perceiving, facilitating, understanding, and managing emotion
define social intelligence
the ability to get along with others
define wisdom
ability to make sound judgements and choose the best course of action - associated with life experience, not always age
define creativity
ability to produce ideas both original and valuable
what is convergent/divergent thinking?
convergent: focuses on reaching one defined solution
divergent: many innovative solutions to a problem
define heritability
the extent to which differences among people/groups are due to genetics
what is a heritability coefficient?
it is used to indicate the contribution of heredity to some characteristic (for intelligence = 0.50)
what is reaction range?
upper/lower levels of intelligence or other outcomes made possible by genetic nature (genes set limits for intelligence)
