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PSYC 1104 > chapter 13 - social psychology > Flashcards

chapter 13 - social psychology Flashcards

1
Q

define social psychology

A

seeks to understand, explain, and predict how peoples thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the actual, perceived, or implied presence of others

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2
Q

does social psychology search for commonalities or differences among people?

A

commonalities

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3
Q

define social cognition

A

how people perceive and interpret themselves and others in their social world

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4
Q

define attitudes

A

relatively stable evaluations of things and people

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5
Q

what are the three components of the ABC model of attitudes?

A
  1. affective: emotion / emotional expression
  2. behavioural: predispositions to act
  3. cognitive: beliefs and ideas
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6
Q

what is the mere thought effect?

A

the idea that attitudes become more extreme over time

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7
Q

what was the main subject of study for Festinger and Carlsmith?

A

they wanted to study if manipulating peoples behaviours away from their attitudes could lead to changes in those attitudes

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8
Q

what is the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

a state of emotional discomfort when a person holds two contradictory beliefs or hold beliefs that contradict their behaviour (people will change their attitudes bc they don’t want to experience cognitive dissonance)

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9
Q

what is the self-perception theory?

A

when people are uncertain about their attitudes, they infer what they are based on their own behaviour (e.g. I must like that person bc I’m usually nice to them)

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10
Q

what are the two factors that enable attitudes to influence behaviour?

A
  1. attitude strength
  2. attitude specificity (working out vs health example)
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11
Q

what is the social desirability factor?

A

people will often claim attitudes that they believe are socially desirable, and hide behaviours that they aren’t proud of

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12
Q

what technique can be used to induce honesty and limit the social desirability factor?

A

the bogus pipeline technique, which includes fake polygraph testing

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13
Q

what are implicit attitudes?

A

attitudes were unaware of

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14
Q

what test can be used to determine implicit attitudes?

A

the IAT test (implicit association test): including pressing left for young, right for old, etc.

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15
Q

what are some ways to change implicit and explicit attitudes ?

A

explicit: diversity training and exposure
implicit: fear reduction, emotion focused intervention, persuasive messaging, writing arguments, hearing information against prejudice

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16
Q

define stereotypes

A

fixed, overgeneralized, and oversimplified beliefs about a person or group based on assumptions about the entire group (can be positive or negative)

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17
Q

define prejudice

A

negative and unjust feelings about individuals based on their inclusion in a particular group (tends to grow out of stereotypes)

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18
Q

what is the realistic conflict theory? what case study demonstrated this?

A

competition arises for resources among different groups, and the Robbers Cave Study with the two groups of boys.

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19
Q

what are the three elements that persuasion requires?

A
  1. message
  2. source
  3. receivers
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20
Q

describe the central route of persuasion

A

it emphasizes the content of the message, and involves factual information, logical arguments, and leads to long term changes in attitudes if the information is true

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21
Q

describe the peripheral route of persuasion

A

relies on superficial information, involves humour, an attractive source, and changes in attitudes are often temporary

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22
Q

what is the foot-in-the-door technique?

A

the idea that small favours can lead to larger favours (you’ve helped in the past, surely you will help now)

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23
Q

what is the four-walls technique?

A

getting boxed in by answers to leading questions (do you hate doing the dishes? buy our dishwasher!)

24
Q

what is the door-in-the-face technique?

A

the idea that a big request can increase the likelihood of someone saying yes to a smaller one (can i have $50? no? can i at least have $20?)

25
Q

what is the appeal to fear technique?

A

from a credible source, something bad will happen if you don’t comply, recommendations for change to avoid an undesirable outcome)

26
Q

define attributions?

A

causal explanations for behaviour

27
Q

what are dispositional/internal attributions?

A

focus on peoples traits to explain their behaviour (we do this to explain OTHERS behaviour)

28
Q

what are situational/external attributions?

A

environmental factors are the cause of behaviour (we use this to explain OUR behaviour)

29
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error?

A

the tendency to use dispositional attributions to explain others behaviour, and situational attributions to explain our own behaviour
- he’s speeding because he’s a jerk
- I’m speeding because I’m late for work

30
Q

what is the actor-observer effect?

A

the discrepancy between how we explain others behaviour vs our own

31
Q

what is the self-serving bias?

A

the tendency people have to attribute their success to internal causes and failures to external causes

32
Q

define norms

A

social rules about how members of a society are expected to act

33
Q

define descriptive vs injunctive norms

A

descriptive: what people actually do
injunctive: what people are supposed to do
- speed limits

34
Q

define social roles

A

set of norms ascribed to a persons social position, expectations associated with a persons position in a group (e.g. gender roles)

35
Q

what experiment examined roles and situational demands?

A

the Stanford Prison Experiment

36
Q

define conformity

A

tendency to yield to social pressure (feeling like you have to do what others are doing)

37
Q

what are the Asch studies?

A

examined how people can be induced to give incorrect answers if everyone else does beforehand

38
Q

define obedience

A

the act of following direct commands, usually given by a figure of authority

39
Q

what was Milgram’s experiment?

A

participants told to shock “learners” when they got questions wrong, many people didn’t stop until the end

40
Q

what is social loafing?

A

the tendency for people to exert less effort on a collective task than they would on an individual task

41
Q

define social facilitation

A

the effect in which the presence of others enhances performance

42
Q

define polarization

A

the intensification of initial tendency of group members following discussion

43
Q

define groupthink

A

when group members strive for unanimity, and this overrides motivation to appraise alternate courses of action (hiding info that goes against beliefs, pressure when someone disagrees)

44
Q

define altruism

A

self-sacrificing behaviour or the benefit of others

45
Q

what is egoistic helping behaviour?

A

helping others to reduce personal stress or to receive rewards

46
Q

what is the bystander effect or bystander apathy?

A

the idea that when more people are present at an emergency, the less likely individual persons are to offer assistance (diffusion of responsibility)

47
Q

define aggression

A

the intention to harm others

48
Q

what is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A

the idea that aggression is always due to frustration

49
Q

what are the three levels of interpersonal attraction?

A
  1. cognitive (how you think of them)
  2. behaviorally (how you act towards them)
  3. affectively (how you feel towards them)
50
Q

what are the 5 key factors of liking?

A
  1. similarity
  2. proximity
  3. self-disclosure
  4. situational factors
  5. attractiveness
51
Q

what are Rubin’s 3 elements of love?

A
  1. attachment
  2. caring
  3. intimacy
52
Q

what is Sternberg’s triangular theory of love?

A
  1. intimacy
  2. passion (physical)
  3. commitment
53
Q

what is the purpose of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

it is responsible for reasoning, reward evaluation, reading people, eliciting emotional states

54
Q

what is the purpose of ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

processes rewards and punishments, interpreting non-verbal information, empathy

55
Q

what is the purpose of the insula?

A

responsible for empathy, reading people, activated when we preserve others in pain and we feel it ourselves

56
Q

what is the purpose of the amygdala?

A

controlling emotions, identifying facial expressions, interpreting fear and anxiety

57
Q
A

PSYC 1104 (7 decks)

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