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PSYC 1104 > chapter 15 - psychological disorders > Flashcards

chapter 15 - psychological disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is the medical model in terms of psychology?

A

searches symptoms to determine a syndrome, searches for causes and viable treatments

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2
Q

what are the four D’s when defining a psychological abnormality?

A
  1. deviance (behaviour differs from proper functioning)
  2. distress
  3. dysfunction (behaviour interferes with daily functioning)
  4. danger (danger to self or others)
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3
Q

a behaviour can be viewed as abnormal if it meets one of the following criteria:

A
  1. deviant
  2. maladaptive
  3. personal distress
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4
Q

define maladaptive

A

not providing appropriate adjustment to the situation (e.g. drinking as a coping style)

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5
Q

a behaviour can be classified as a disorder if it meets ALL of these criteria:

A
  1. clinically significant detriment (gets in the way of life)
  2. involuntary manifestation
  3. internal source
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6
Q

what is the ICD?

A

international classification of diseases

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7
Q

what is the DSM?

A

the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th edition)

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8
Q

define diagnosis

A

a clinicians determination that a person’s cluster of symptoms represent a disorder

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9
Q

define comorbidity

A

a person’s symptoms qualify them for two or more disorders

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10
Q

what does the neuroscience model say about abnormalities?

A

that abnormal behaviour is seen as an illness brought on by a malfunctioning brain

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11
Q

what 5 factors contribute to biological dysfunction?

A
  1. genetic inheritance
  2. too few/too many neurotransmitters
  3. viral infection
  4. hormones
  5. brain structures
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12
Q

what is the biopsychosocial perspective?

A

recognizes interactions among biological, social, cultural, and psychological variables

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13
Q

what is the diathesis-stress model?

A

recognizes interaction between internal predisposition and external triggers

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14
Q

what is the RDoC project?

A

use current knowledge about brain organization to learn more about normal vs abnormal functioning

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15
Q

what does the cognitive-behavioural model say about psychological abnormalities?

A

disorders result from interactions between:
1. problematic learned behaviours
2. dysfunctional cognitive processes
3. emotions and biological events

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16
Q

how does the behavioural perspective think disorders are acquired?

A

abnormal behaviour is learned in the same way adaptive behaviours are (classical/operant conditioning and modelling)

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17
Q

what is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

A

classical: forming associations
operant: learning via rewards and punishments

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18
Q

what does the cognitive perspective think about why disorders are acquired?

A

results from maladaptive beliefs and illogical thinking processes

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19
Q

define selective perception

A

seeing only the negative features of an event and ignoring the positives

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20
Q

define magnification

A

exaggerating the importance of undesirable events

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21
Q

define overgeneralization

A

drawing broad, negative conclusions based on a single insignificant event

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22
Q

what does the psychodynamic model think about why disorders are acquired?

A

behaviour largely determined by unconscious, due to internal conflict/attempts to resolve these conflicts

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23
Q

what did Freud think was problematic for a child to do?

A

fixate on a single stage of development (id, ego, and superego not maturing properly)

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24
Q

what is the belief of object relations theorists?

A

that problems in early relationships can contribute to psychological problems (we need to connect to others)

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25
Q

what is the family systems theory?

A

each family has its own implicit rules, structure, and communication patterns that influence individual members

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26
Q

define developmental psychopathology

A

studies how problem behaviours result as a function of genes and early experiences

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27
Q

equifinality vs multifinality

A

equifinality: children start at diff points and end up at the same outcome

multifinality: children start at same points and end up at diff outcomes

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28
Q

define resilience

A

ability to recover from/avoid severe effects of traumatic events

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29
Q

define moods

A

temporary, non-specific emotional states

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30
Q

what is a mood disorder?

A

pervasive and disturbed mood as the dominant feature

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31
Q

define depression

A

persistent, sad state in which life seems dark and challenges are overwhelming

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32
Q

describe major depressive disorder

A

depressed mood that is significantly disabling and not caused by drugs/medical condition

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33
Q

what is dysthymic disorder?

A

a less disabling but chronic form of depression

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34
Q

describe mania

A

persistent state of euphoria or frenzied energy

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35
Q

describe bipolar disorder

A

when periods of mania alternate with periods of depression

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36
Q

what is cyclothymic disorder?

A

a less severe form of BPD (in terms of mania) but chronic

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37
Q

what are some characteristics of depression?

A

emotional: depressed mood

motivational: lack of desire to perform usual activities

behavioural: slow speech, slow movement, less active

cognitive: thoughts of suicide, pessimism, guilt, self-hatred

physical: pain, headaches, sleep/eating problems, fatigue

38
Q

what hormones/neurotransmitters may be affected in depression cases?

A

low serotonin and norepinephrine

high cortisol

39
Q

define learned helplessness

A

a person feels they are unable to control a situation so they stop trying to get out of it

40
Q

what is the attribution-helplessness theory?

A

see negative events as beyond our control, and attribute this to causes that are internal, global and stable

41
Q

describe the cognitive triad

A

people interpret their experiences, themselves, and their futures in negative ways

42
Q

define automatic thoughts

A

upsetting thoughts that arise unbidden

43
Q

how do sociocultural theorists explain depression?

A
  1. lack of social support
  2. external stressors
44
Q

what are some characteristics of mania?

A

emotional: powerful highs/lows

motivational: seek excitement/companionship

behavioural: move and speak quickly

cognitive: poor judgement and planning, optimism, grandiosity

physical: energetic, require little sleep

45
Q

describe generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

excessive worry and anxiety under most circumstances

45
Q

what are some characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder?

A

restlessness, fatigue, muscle tension, sleep problems, concentration difficulties

46
Q

how did Beck and Ellis explain GAD?

A

people hold dysfunctional or irrational assumptions (e.g. everyone needs to like me)

47
Q

what is the intolerance of uncertainty theory?

A

people can’t accept that negative events may occur, even when probability is low

48
Q

what are neuroscientific explanations for GAD?

A

malfunction in the feedback system to calm the brain, and malfunctioning in the circuit responsible for anxiety reactions

49
Q

describe social anxiety disorder

A

severe, persistent, and irrational fears of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur

50
Q

define phobias

A

persistent and unreasonable fear of an activity, object, or situation

51
Q

what are the 5 main categories of phobias?

A
  1. animals
  2. situations
  3. environment
  4. blood and injections
  5. other
52
Q

how are phobias formed and reinforced?

A

formed through classical conditioning, reinforced through operant conditioning, and modelling

53
Q

describe panic disorder

A

recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks that occur without apparent provocation

54
Q

what is agoraphobia?

A

people avoid public spaces in which escape may be difficult incase of panic

55
Q

what are possible cognitive explanations for panic disorder?

A

hypersensitive to changes in arousal, misinterpreting bodily cues, hypervigilance can make things worse

56
Q

what are possible neuroscientific explanations for panic disorder?

A

problem with amygdala, hypothalamus and locus ceruleus
(excess norepinephrine)

57
Q

what are obsessions?

A

persistent thoughts, ideas, images, or impulses that invade a person’s consciousness

58
Q

what are compulsions?

A

irrational repetitive/rigid behaviours or mental acts that people are compelled to perform to reduce anxiety

59
Q

describe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

repeated, abnormal, anxiety-provoking thoughts and behaviours

60
Q

what are the 4 forms of obsessions?

A
  1. wishes
  2. images
  3. doubts
  4. impulses
61
Q

what are cognitive-behavioural explanations for OCD?

A

learned via classical conditioning

62
Q

what are possible neuroscience explanations for OCD?

A

low serotonin activity

63
Q

what is acute stress disorder vs posttraumatic stress disorder?

A

fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after an event and are short-term

symptoms continue long after traumatic event

64
Q

what is posttraumatic growth?

A

positive psychological change after a life crisis or traumatic event

65
Q

describe schizophrenia

A

disorganized thoughts, loss of contact with reality, hallucinations

66
Q

define psychosis

A

loss of contact with reality

67
Q

what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

pathological excesses in behaviour (not seen in normal people)

e.g. hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thoughts

68
Q

define delusions

A

blatantly false beliefs held firmly despite evidence to the contrary

69
Q

what are loose associations or derailment?

A

rapid shifts from one topic to another

70
Q

what are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

pathological deficits (present in typical people but missing with schizophrenics)

e.g. poverty of speech, flat affect, social withdrawal, loss of volition

71
Q

define avolition

A

apathy, drained of energy, unable to follow through on tasks

72
Q

what 5 cognitive functions are affected by schizophrenia?

A

memory, executive function, intelligence, working memory, attention

73
Q

what are the three subtypes of catatonia?

A

stupor: unresponsive to environment
rigidity: rigid posture for hours
posturing: bizarre positioning

74
Q

what are the abnormal brain structures in people with schizophrenia?

A

enlarged ventricles, small temporal and frontal lobes

75
Q

describe somatic symptom and related disorders

A

excessive thought, feelings, and behaviours related to somatic symptoms

76
Q

what are the 3 criteria for somatic symptom disorders?

A
  1. excessive health-related anxiety
  2. lasts 6 months
  3. has one or more somatic symptoms
77
Q

describe illness anxiety disorder

A

person is preoccupied with having a serious disease despite the lack of symptoms

78
Q

describe factitious disorder

A

deliberately assuming symptoms to adopt the patient role (yourself or another person)

79
Q

describe dissociative disorders

A

loss of memory without a clear physical cause

80
Q

describe dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall important upsetting information

81
Q

what is a dissociative fugue?

A

extensive memory loss involving loss of identity and details of life

82
Q

describe derealization/depersonalization disorder

A

intact memory but person feels as though they are observing themselves from the outside, feels detached from body

83
Q

describe dissociative identity disorder

A

two or more distinct personalities each with unique memories, thoughts, behaviours, and emotions

84
Q

what is a personality disorder?

A

inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour that affects daily functioning

85
Q

what are the 3 clusters of personality disorders?

A
  1. odd/eccentric (strange, not harmful behaviour)
  2. dramatic/erratic (disregard for other’s rights)
  3. anxious/inhibited (avoidant or dependent)
86
Q

describe antisocial personality disorder

A

extreme callous disregard for feelings and rights of others

87
Q

what are characteristics of antisocial personality disorder?

A

impulsive, dishonest, lack empathy, reckless, self-centered, willing to cause harm for their benefit

88
Q

describe borderline personality disorder

A

severe instability in emotions and self-concept, high volatility levels

89
Q

what are some characteristics of borderline personality disorder?

A

impulsive, unstable relationships, mood swings, self-harm

PSYC 1104 (7 decks)

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