Chapter 16. Remedies (344-385) Flashcards
A contracts to build a building for B on B’s land for $100,000. B repudiates the contract before either party has done anything in reliance on it. It would have cost A $90,000 to build the building. What interest, if any, does A have against B?
A has an expectation interest of $10,000, the difference between the $100,000 price and his savings of $90,000 in not having to do the work. Since A has done nothing in reliance, A’s reliance interest is zero. Since A has conferred no benefit on B, A’s restitution interest is zero. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 344(a)
A contracts to build a building for B on B’s land for $100,000. B repudiates the contract after A has spent $60,000 of the $90,000 that it would have cost A to build the building. A has been paid nothing and can salvage nothing from the $60,000 that he has spent. What interest, if any, does A have?
A now has an expectation interest of $70,000, the difference between the $100,000 price and his saving of $30,000 in not having to do the work. A also has a reliance interest of $60,000, the amount that he has spent. If the benefit to B of the partly finished building is $40,000, A has a restitution interest of $40,000. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 344(b)
A, who is about to produce a play, makes a contract with B, an actor, under which B is to play the lead in the play at a stated salary for the season. A breaks the contract and has the part played by another actor. What interest, if any, does B have against A?
B’s expectation interest includes the extent to which B’s reputation would have been enhanced if he had been allowed to play the lead in A’s play, as well as B’s loss in salary, both subject to the limitations stated in Topic 2 of § 344. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 344(b)
A contracts to construct a monument in B’s yard for $10,000 but abandons the work after the foundation has been laid. It will cost B $6,000 to have another contractor complete the work. The monument planned is so ugly that it would decrease the market price of the house. What interest, if any, may B have?
Nevertheless, B’s expectation interest is the value of the monument to him, which, under the rule stated in § 348(2)(b), would be measured by the cost of completion, $6,000. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 344(b)
A makes a contract with B under which A is to pay B for drilling an oil well on B’s land, adjacent to that of A, for development and exploration purposes. Both A and B believe that the well will be productive and will substantially enhance the value of A’s land in an amount that they estimate to be $1,000,000. Before A has paid anything, B breaks the contract by refusing to drill the well. Other exploration then proves that there is no oil in the region. What expectation interest, if any, does A have?
A’s expectation interest is zero. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 344(b)
A contracts to sell to B 1,000 shares of stock in X Corporation for $10 a share to be delivered on June 1, but breaks the contract by refusing on that date to deliver the stock. B sues A for damages, but at trial it is proved that B could have purchased 1,000 shares of stock in X Corporation on the market on June 1 for $10 a share and therefore has suffered no loss. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
In an action by B against A, B will be awarded nominal damages. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 346(b)
As part of a separation agreement B promises his wife A not to change the provision in B’s will for C, their son. A dies and B changes his will to C’s detriment, adding also a provision that C will forfeit any bequest if he questions the change before any tribunal. If A’s representative takes action against B, what––if anything––can he/she recover?
In an action by A’s personal representative against B, the representative can get a judgment for nominal damages. As to the representative’s right to specific performance, see Illustration 2 to § 307. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 346(c)
A contracts to publish a novel that B has written. A repudiates the contract and B is unable to get his novel published elsewhere. What––if anything––can B recover?
Subject to the limitations stated in §§ 350-53, B’s damages include the loss of royalties that he would have received had the novel been published together with the value to him of the resulting enhancement of his reputation. But see Illustration 1 to § 352. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(b)
A, a manufacturer, contracts to sell B, a dealer in used machinery, a used machine that B plans to resell. A repudiates and B is unable to obtain a similar machine elsewhere. What––if anything––can B recover?
Subject to the limitations stated in §§ 350-53, B’s damages include the net profit that he would have made on resale of the machine. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(b)
A contracts to employ B for $10,000 to supervise the production of A’s crop, but breaks his contract by firing B at the beginning of the season. B reasonably spends $200 in fees attempting to find other suitable employment through appropriate agencies. What––if anything––can B recover?
B can recover the $200 incidental loss in addition to any other loss suffered, whether or not he succeeds in finding other employment. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(c)
A leases a machine to B for a year, warranting its suitability for B’s purpose. The machine is not suitable for B’s purpose and causes $10,000 in damage to B’s property and $15,000 in personal injuries. What––if anything––can B recover?
B can recover the $25,000 consequential loss in addition to any other loss suffered. See Uniform Commercial Code § 2-715(2)(b). Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(c)
A contracts to build a hotel for B for $500,000 and to have it ready for occupancy by May 1. B’s occupancy of the hotel is delayed for a month because of a breach by A. What––if anything––can B recover?
The cost avoided by B as a result of not having to operate the hotel during May is subtracted from the May rent lost in determining B’s damages. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(d)
A contracts to build a house for B for $100,000. When it is partly built, B repudiates the contract and A stops work. A would have to spend $60,000 more to finish the house. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
The $60,000 cost avoided by A as a result of not having to finish the house is subtracted from the $100,000 price lost in determining A’s damages. A has a right to $40,000 in damages from B, less any progress payments that he has already received. See Illustration 2 to § 344. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(d)
A contracts to build a house for B for $100,000. When it is partly built, B repudiates the contract and A stops work. A would have to spend $60,000 more to finish the house. However, A has bought materials that are left over and that he can use for other purposes, saving him $5,000. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
The $5,000 cost avoided is subtracted in determining A’s damages, resulting in damages of only $35,000 rather than $40,000. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(d)
A contracts to convey land to B in return for B’s working for a year. B repudiates the contract before A has conveyed the land. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
The value to A of the land is subtracted from the value to A of B’s services in determining A’s damages. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(d)
A contracts to employ B for $10,000 to supervise the production of A’s crop, but breaks his contract by firing B at the beginning of the season. B instead takes another job as a supervisor at $9,500. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
The $9,500 is subtracted from the $10,000 loss of earnings in determining B’s damages. See Illustration 8 to § 350. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(d)
A contracts to build a machine for B and deliver it to be installed in his factory by June 30. A breaks the contract and does not deliver the machine. B’s factory is destroyed by fire on December 31 and the machine, if it had been installed there, would also have been destroyed. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
The fact that the factory was burned is not considered in determining B’s damages. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(d)
A contracts to send his daughter to B’s school for $5,000 tuition. After the academic year has begun, A withdraws her and refuses to pay anything. A’s breach does not reduce B’s instructional or other costs and B is unable to find another student to take the place of A’s daughter. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B has a right to damages equal to the full $5,000. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(d)
A contracts to build a house for B for $100,000, but repudiates the contract after doing part of the work and having been paid $40,000. Other builders would charge B $80,000 to finish the house, but B finds a builder in need of work who does it for $70,000. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages are limited to the $70,000 that he actually had to pay to finish the work less the $60,000 cost avoided or $10,000, together with damages for any loss caused by the delay. See Illustration 2 to § 348. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(e)
A contracts to employ B for $10,000 to supervise the production of A’s crop. A breaks the contract by firing B at the beginning of the season, and B, unable to find another job, instead takes a job as a farm laborer for the entire season at $6,000. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
The $6,000 that he made as a farm laborer is subtracted from the $10,000 loss of earnings in determining B’s damages. See Illustration 8 to § 350. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(e)
A contracts to employ B for $10,000 to supervise the production of A’s crop, but breaks his contract by firing B at the beginning of the season. B is unable to find another similar job but receives $3,000 in state unemployment benefits. If B takes action against A, what will determine how much can B recover?
Whether the $3,000 will be subtracted from the $10,000 loss of earnings depends on the state legislation under which it was paid and the policy behind it. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(e)
On April 1, A and B make a personal service contract under which A is to employ B for six months beginning July 1 and B is to work for A during that period. On May 1, B repudiates the contract. On August 1, B falls ill and is unable to perform the contract for the remainder of the period. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
A can only recover damages based on his loss during the month of July since his loss during subsequent months was not caused by B’s breach. Compare Illustration 2 to § 254. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(e)
A contracts to pave B’s parking lot for $10,000. B repudiates the contract and A subsequently makes a contract to pave a similar parking lot for $10,000. A’s business could have been expanded to do both jobs. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
Unless it is proved that he would not have undertaken both, A’s damages are based on the net profit he would have made on the contract with B, without regard to the subsequent transaction. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 347(f)
A contracts with B to construct an outdoor drive-in theatre, to be completed by June 1. A does not complete the work until September 1. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can AB recover?
If B cannot prove his lost profits with reasonable certainty, he can recover damages based on the rental value of the theatre property or based on the interest on the value of the theatre property itself if he can prove either of these values with reasonable certainty. See Illustration 2 to § 352. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 348(b)
A contracts to build a house for B for $100,000 but repudiates the contract after doing part of the work and having been paid $40,000. Other builders will charge B $80,000 to finish the house. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can AB recover?
B’s damages include the $80,000 cost to complete the work less the $60,000 cost avoided or $20,000, together with damages for any loss caused by delay. See Illustration 12 to § 347. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 348(c)
A contracts to build a house for B for $100,000. When it is completed, the foundations crack, leaving part of the building in a dangerous condition. To make it safe would require tearing down some of the walls and strengthening the foundation at a cost of $30,000 and would increase the market value of the house by $20,000. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages include the $30,000 cost to remedy the defects. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 348(c)
A contracts to build a house for B for $100,000 according to specifications that include the use of Reading pipe. After completion, B discovers that A has used Cohoes pipe, an equally good brand. To replace the Cohoes pipe with Reading pipe would require tearing down part of the walls at a cost of over $20,000 and would not affect the market price of the house. In an action by B against A, A gives no proof of any special value that Reading pipe would have to him. B’s damages do not include the $20,000 cost to remedy the defects because that cost is clearly disproportionate to the loss in value to B. What––if anything––can B recover?
B can recover only nominal damages. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 348(c)
A gives B a “dealer franchise” to sell A’s products in a stated area for one year. In preparation for performance, B spends money on advertising, hiring sales personnel, and acquiring premises that cannot be used for other purposes. A then repudiates before performance begins. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
If neither party proves with reasonable certainty what profit or loss B would have made if the contract had been performed, B can recover as damages his expenditures in preparation for performance. See Illustration 8 to § 90. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 349(a)
A contracts with B to stage a series of performances in B’s theater, each to have 50 per cent of the gross receipts. After A has spent $20,000 in getting ready for the performances, B rents the theater to others and repudiates the contract, and A stages the performance at another theater. A’s expenditures in preparation for performance of the contract with B are worth $8,000 to him in connection with staging the performances at the other theater.If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
If neither party proves with reasonable certainty what profit or loss A would have made if the contract had been performed, A can recover as damages the $12,000 balance of his expenditures in preparation for performance. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 349(a)
A contracts to build for B a factory of experimental design for $1,000,000. After A has spent $250,000 and been paid $150,000 in progress payments, B repudiates the contract and A stops work. A’s expenditures include materials worth $10,000 that he can use on other jobs. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
If neither party proves with reasonable certainty what profit or loss A would have made if the contract had been performed, A can recover as damages the $90,000 balance of his expenditures in preparation for performance. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 349(a)
A contracts to sell his retail store to B. After B has spent $100,000 for inventory, A repudiates the contract and B sells the inventory for $60,000. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
If neither party proves with reasonable certainty what profit or loss B would have made if the contract had been performed, B can recover as damages the $40,000 loss that he sustained on the sale of the inventory. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 349(a)
A contracts to build a bridge for B for $100,000. B repudiates the contract shortly after A has begun work on the bridge, telling A that he no longer has need for it. Nevertheless, A spends an additional $10,000 in continuing to perform. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
A’s damages for breach of contract do not include the $10,000. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(b)
A contracts to lease a machine to B and to deliver it at B’s factory. B repudiates the contract, but A nevertheless ships the machine to B, who refuses to receive it. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
A’s damages for breach of contract do not include the cost of shipment of the machine. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(b)
A sells oil to B in barrels. B discovers that some of the barrels are leaky, in breach of warranty, but does not transfer the oil to good barrels that he has available. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages for breach of contract do not include the loss of the oil that could have been saved by transferring the oil to the available barrels. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(b)
A contracts to sell flour to B. The flour is defective, in breach of warranty, as B discovers after delivery. Nevertheless, B uses it to bake bread to supply his customers. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages for breach of contract do not include his loss of business caused by delivering inferior bread made from the flour. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(b)
A contracts to sell to B a used machine to be delivered at B’s factory by June 1 for $10,000. A breaks the contract by repudiating it on May 1. By appropriate efforts B could buy a similar machine from another seller for $11,000 in time to be delivered at his factory by June 1, but he does not do so and loses a profit of $25,000 that he would have made from use of the machine. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages do not include the loss of the $25,000 profit, but he can recover $1,000 from A. See Uniform Commercial Code §§ 2-713(1), 2-715(2)(a). Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(c)
A contracts to supervise the production of B’s crop for $10,000, but breaks his contract and leaves at the beginning of the season. By appropriate efforts, B could obtain an equally good supervisor for $11,000, but he does not do so and the crop is lost. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages for A’s breach of contract do not include the loss of his crop, but he can recover $1,000 from A. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(c)
A contracts to buy from B a used machine from B’s factory for $10,000. A breaks the contract by refusing to receive or pay for the machine. By appropriate efforts, B could sell the machine to another buyer for $9,000, but he does not do so. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages for A’s breach of contract do not include the loss of the $10,000 price, but he can recover $1,000 from A. See Uniform Commercial Code § 2-708(1). Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(c)
A contracts to employ B for $10,000 to supervise the production of A’s crop, but breaks his contract by firing B at the beginning of the season. By appropriate efforts, B could obtain an equally good job as a supervisor at $100 less than A had contracted to pay him, but he does not do so and remains unemployed. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages for A’s breach of contract do not include his $10,000 loss of earnings, but he can recover $100 from A. See Illustration 9 to § 347. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(c)
A contracts to buy grain from B for $100,000, which would give B a net profit of $10,000. A breaks the contract by refusing to receive or pay for the grain. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
Even if B would have made the sale to A in addition to other sales, B’s efforts to make other sales do not affect his damages. B’s damages for A’s breach of contract include his $10,000 loss of profit. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(d)
A contracts to pay B $20,000 for paving A’s parking lot, which would give B a net profit of $3,000. A breaks the contract by repudiating it before B begins work. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
Even if B would have made the contract with A in addition to other contracts, B’s efforts to obtain other contracts do not affect his damages. B’s damages for A’s breach of contract include his $3,000 loss of profit. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(d)
A contracts to employ B for $10,000 to supervise the production of A’s crop, but breaks his contract by firing B at the beginning of the season. By appropriate efforts, B could only obtain a job as a farm laborer at $6,000, but he does not do so and remains unemployed. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages for breach of contract include his $10,000 loss of earnings. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(e)
A contracts to sell to B a used machine to be delivered at B’s factory by June 1 for $10,000. A breaks the contract by repudiating it on May 1. By appropriate efforts B could buy a similar machine from another seller for $11,000. However, the other seller will not deliver the similar machine to B’s factory, and insists that B take possession of it two weeks earlier than he can install it in his factory, but B can arrange to have it stored for two weeks and shipped to his factory for $1,500. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages do not include the loss of the $25,000 profit, but he can recover the $1,500 as well as the $1,000 from A. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(e)
A contracts to bale hay on B’s farm so that B can use it later to feed his livestock. A does the work so defectively that the hay is worthless. B can buy similar hay in bales in Central City, 100 miles from his farm, for $10,000. The cost to ship the bales between Central City and his farm is $1,000. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages include the $10,000 market price and the $1,000 cost of shipment. If B had intended to ship his bales of hay to Central City for sale there, rather than to feed it to his livestock, the $1,000 cost of shipment would be subtracted from the $10,000 market price as cost avoided under § 347(c). Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(e)
A contracts to sell to B a used machine from A’s factory for $10,000. A breaks the contract by refusing to deliver the machine at that price, but offers to sell it to B for $11,000 without prejudice to B’s right to damages. B refuses to buy it at that price and, since he cannot find a similar machine elsewhere, loses a profit of $25,000 that he would have made from use of the machine. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages do not include the loss of the $25,000 profit, but he can recover $1,000 from A. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(e)
A contracts to sell to B a used machine from A’s factory for $10,000. A breaks the contract by refusing to deliver the machine at that price, but offers to sell it to B for $11,000, conditioned on B’s surrendering any claim that he may have against A for breach of contract. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages may include the loss of the $25,000 profit. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(e)
On May 1, A contracts to sell to B a stated quantity of grain for $100,000, delivery and payment to be made on July 1. On July 1, A breaks the contract by refusing to deliver the grain, but B does not buy substitute grain on the market on that date although he could do so for $110,000. On July 10, B buys substitute grain on the market for $120,000. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages for A’s breach of contract do not include the $20,000 above the contract price that he paid on July 10, but he can recover $10,000 from A. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(f)
On May 1, A contracts to sell to B a stated quantity of grain for $100,000, delivery and payment to be made on July 1. A breaks the contract by repudiating it on June 1 and on the same day B tells A that he considers the repudiation final. B does not buy substitute grain on the market on that date although he could do so for $105,000 for delivery and payment on July 1. On July 10, B buys substitute grain on the market for $120,000. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s damages for A’s breach of contract do not include the $20,000 above the contract price that he paid on July 10, but he can recover $5,000 from A. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(f)
A contracts to build a building for B for $100,000. B repudiates the contract shortly before A has finished work. Because A has duties to subcontractors and will have difficulty in calculating his damages, A spends an additional $10,000 and completes the building. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
If stopping work would not have been reasonable in the circumstances, A can recover the full $100,000, including the $10,000 that he spent after B’s repudiation. Compare Illustration 1 to § 350. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(g)
A contracts to supervise the production of B’s crop for $10,000, but commits a material breach of the contract by failing to begin on time. By appropriate efforts, B could obtain an equally good supervisor for $1,000 more than he had contracted to pay A, but he does not do so because A assures him that the delay is only temporary. By the time that B discovers that A will be unavailable for the entire season, it is too late to hire another supervisor and the crop is lost. What damages–if any–can B recover?
If B’s delay in hiring another supervisor was reasonable in the circumstances, B’s damages for A’s breach of contract may include the loss of his crop. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(g)
A, a motion picture company, contracts to have B star in a musical comedy for $100,000. A breaks the contract and engages C, a rival of B, to star in the musical comedy, but offers B an equally good role under an identical contract as a star in another musical comedy for $100,000. Because B would be humiliated to work for A after A hired a rival in B’s place, B refuses to accept the offer. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
If rejection of the offer was reasonable in the circumstances, B can recover the full $100,000. Compare Illustration 8 to § 351. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(g)
A contracts to sell to B a used machine to be delivered at A’s factory by June 1 for $10,000. A breaks the contract by repudiating it on May 1. B makes a reasonable purchase of a similar machine for $12,000 in time to be delivered at his factory by June 1. It later appears that, unknown to B, a similar machine could have been found for only $11,000. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
Nevertheless, B can recover $2,000 from A. Compare Illustration 5 to § 350. See Uniform Commercial Code § 2-712. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(h)
A contracts to supervise the production of B’s crop for $10,000, but breaks his contract and leaves at the beginning of the season. B makes a reasonable substitute contract with another supervisor for $12,000 in time to save his crop. It later appears that, unknown to B, a suitable supervisor could have been found for only $11,000. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
Nevertheless, B can recover $2,000 from A. Compare Illustration 6 to § 350. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(h)
A pays a premium to B, an insurance company, for a policy of fire insurance on his house for a period of five years. B later repudiates the policy and A reasonably gets a similar policy from another insurer for the balance of the period. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
A has a right to damages against B based on the cost of the new policy. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 350(h)
A, a carrier, contracts with B, a miller, to carry B’s broken crankshaft to its manufacturer for repair. B tells A when they make the contract that the crankshaft is part of B’s milling machine and that it must be sent at once, but not that the mill is stopped because B has no replacement. Because A delays in carrying the crankshaft, B loses profit during an additional period while the mill is stopped because of the delay. A is not liable for B’s loss of profit. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
That loss was not foreseeable by A as a probable result of the breach at the time the contract was made because A did not know that the broken crankshaft was necessary for the operation of the mill. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(a)
A contracts to sell land to B and to give B possession on a stated date. Because A delays a short time in giving B possession, B incurs unusual expenses in providing for cattle that he had already purchased to stock the land as a ranch. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
A had no reason to know when they made the contract that B had planned to purchase cattle for this purpose. A is not liable for B’s expenses in providing for the cattle because that loss was not foreseeable by A as a probable result of the breach at the time the contract was made. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(a)
A and B make a written contract under which A is to recondition by a stated date a used machine owned by B so that it will be suitable for sale by B to C. A knows when they make the contract that B has contracted to sell the machine to C but knows nothing of the terms of B’s contract with C. Because A delays in returning the machine to B, B is unable to sell it to C and loses the profit that he would have made on that sale. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s loss of reasonable profit was foreseeable by A as a probable result of the breach at the time the contract was made. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(b)
A, a manufacturer of machines, contracts to make B his exclusive selling agent in a specified area for the period of a year. Because A fails to deliver any machines, B loses the profit on contracts that he would have made for their resale. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s loss of reasonable profit was foreseeable by A as a probable result of the breach at the time the contract was made. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(b)
A and B make a contract under which A is to recondition by a stated date a used machine owned by B so that it will be suitable for use in B’s canning factory. A knows that the machine must be reconditioned by that date if B’s factory is to operate at full capacity during the canning season, but nothing is said of this in the written contract. Because A delays in returning the machine to B, B loses its use for the entire canning season and loses the profit that he would have made had his factory operated at full capacity. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s loss of reasonable profit was foreseeable by A as a probable result of the breach at the time the contract was made. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(b)
A and B make a written contract under which A is to recondition by a stated date a used machine owned by B so that it will be suitable for sale by B to C. A knows when they make the contract that B has contracted to sell the machine to C but knows nothing of the terms of B’s contract with C. Because A delays in returning the machine to B, B is unable to sell it to C and loses the profit that he would have made on that sale. Furthermore, the profit that B would have made under his contract with A was extraordinarily large because C promised to pay an exceptionally high price as a result of a special need for the machine of which A was unaware. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
A is not liable for B’s loss of profit to the extent that it exceeds what would ordinarily result from such a contract. To that extent the loss was not foreseeable by A as a probable result of the breach at the time the contract was made. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(b)
A and B make a written contract under which A is to recondition by a stated date a used machine owned by B so that it will be suitable for use by B. Because A delays in returning the machine to B, B is unable to use the machine and loses the profit that he would have made through its use. Furthermore, the profit that B would have made from the use of the machine was unusually large because of an abnormal use to which he planned to put it of which A was unaware. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
A is not liable for B’s loss of profit to the extent that it exceeds what would ordinarily result from the use of such a machine. To that extent the loss was not foreseeable by A at the time the contract was made as a probable result of the breach. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(b)
A and B make a written contract under which A is to recondition by a stated date a used machine owned by B so that it will be suitable for sale by B to C. A knows when they make the contract that B has contracted to sell the machine to C but knows nothing of the terms of B’s contract with C. Because A delays in returning the machine to B, B not only loses the profit that he would have made on sale of the machine to C, but is held liable for damages in an action brought by C for breach of contract. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
The damages paid to C and B’s reasonable expenses in defending the action were also foreseeable by A as a probable result of the breach at the time he made the contract with B. The result is the same even though they were based on a liquidated damage clause in the contract between B and C if A knew of the clause or if the use of such a clause in the contract between B and C was foreseeable by A at the time he made the contract with B. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(c)
A and B make a written contract under which A is to recondition by a stated date a used machine owned by B so that it will be suitable for sale by B to C. A knows when they make the contract that B has contracted to sell the machine to C but knows nothing of the terms of B’s contract with C. Because A delays in returning the machine to B, B not only loses the profit that he would have made on sale of the machine to C, but settles with C by paying C a reasonable sum of money to avoid litigation. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
The amount of the settlement paid to C and B’s reasonable expenses in settling were also foreseeable by A at the time he made the contract with B as a probable result of the breach. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(c)
A contracts to supply B with machinery for unloading cargo. A, in breach of contract, furnishes defective machinery, and C, an employee of B, is injured. C sues B and gets a judgment, which B pays. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
The amount of the judgment and B’s reasonable expenditures in defending the action were foreseeable by A at the time the contract was made as a probable result of the breach. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(c)
A contracts to procure a right of way for B, for a railroad. Because A, in breach of contract, fails to do this, B has to acquire the right of way by condemnation proceedings. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s reasonable expenditures in those proceedings were foreseeable by A at the time the contract was made as a probable result of the breach. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(c)
A leases land to B with a covenant for quiet enjoyment. C brings an action of ejectment against B and gets judgment. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s reasonable expenditures in defending the action were foreseeable by A as the probable result of the breach at the time the contract was made. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(c)
A contracts with B, a farmer, to lease B a machine to be used harvesting B’s crop, delivery to be made on July 30. A knows when he makes the contract that B’s crop will be ready on that date and that B cannot obtain another machine elsewhere. Because A delays delivery until August 10, B’s crop is damaged and he loses profit. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s loss of profit was foreseeable by A at the time the contract was made as a probable result of the breach. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(d)
A contracts to lend B $100,000 for one year at eight percent interest for the stated purpose of buying a specific lot of goods for resale. B can resell the goods at a $20,000 profit. A delays in making the loan, and although B can borrow money on the market at ten percent interest, he is unable to do so in time and loses the opportunity to buy the goods. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
Unless A had reason to foresee at the time that he made the contract that such a delay in making the loan would probably cause B to lose the opportunity, B can only recover damages based on two percent of the amount of the loan. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(e)
A contracts to lend $1,000,000 to B for the stated purpose of enabling B to build a building and takes property of B as security. After construction is begun, A refuses to make the loan or release the security. Because B lacks further security, he is unable to complete the building, which becomes a total loss. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B’s loss incurred in partial construction of the building was foreseeable by A at the time of the contract as a probable result of the breach. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(e)
A, who holds B’s land as security for a loan, contracts to lend B a sum of money sufficient to pay off other liens on the land at the current rate of interest. A repudiates and informs B in time to obtain money elsewhere on the market, but B is unable to do so. The liens are foreclosed and the land sold at a loss. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
Unless A knew when he made the contract that B would probably be unable to borrow the money elsewhere, B’s loss on the foreclosure sale was not foreseeable as a probable result of A’s breach. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(e)
A, a private trucker, contracts with B to deliver to B’s factory a machine that has just been repaired and without which B’s factory, as A knows, cannot reopen. Delivery is delayed because A’s truck breaks down. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
In an action by B against A for breach of contract the court may, after taking into consideration such factors as the absence of an elaborate written contract and the extreme disproportion between B’s loss of profits during the delay and the price of the trucker’s services, exclude recovery for loss of profits. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(f)
A, a retail hardware dealer, contracts to sell B an inexpensive lighting attachment, which, as A knows, B needs in order to use his tractor at night on his farm. A is delayed in obtaining the attachment and, since no substitute is available, B is unable to use the tractor at night during the delay. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
In an action by B against A for breach of contract, the court may, after taking into consideration such factors as the absence of an elaborate written contract and the extreme disproportion between B’s loss of profits during the delay and the price of the attachment, exclude recovery for loss of profits. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(f)
A, a plastic surgeon, makes a contract with B, a professional entertainer, to perform plastic surgery on her face in order to improve her appearance. The result of the surgery is, however, to disfigure her face and to require a second operation. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
In an action by B against A for breach of contract, the court may limit damages by allowing recovery only for loss incurred by B in reliance on the contract, including the fees paid by B and expenses for hospitalization, nursing care and medicine for both operations, together with any damages for the worsening of B’s appearance if these can be proved with reasonable certainty, but not including any loss resulting from the failure to improve her appearance. Nevertheless, the element of emotional disturbance resulting from the additional operation will be included as loss for which damages may be awarded (see Illustration 4 and Comment a to § 353). Restatement 2d of Contracts § 351(f)
A contracts to publish a novel that B has written. A repudiates the contract and B is unable to get his novel published elsewhere. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
If the evidence does not permit B’s loss of royalties and of reputation to be estimated with reasonable certainty, he cannot recover damages for that loss, although he can recover nominal damages. See Illustration 1 to § 347. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 352(a)
A contracts to sell B a tract of land on which B plans to build an outdoor drive-in theatre. A breaks the contract by selling the land to C, and B is unable to build the theatre. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
If, because of the speculative nature of the new enterprise the evidence does not permit B’s loss of profits to be estimated with reasonable certainty, his recovery will be limited to expenses incurred in reliance or, if none can be proved with reasonable certainty, to nominal damages. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 352(a)
A and B make a contract under which A is to construct a building of radical new design for B for $5,000,000. After A has spent $3,000,000 in reliance, B repudiates the contract and orders A off the site. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
If the evidence does not permit A’s lost profits to be estimated with reasonable certainty, he can recover the $3,000,000 that he has spent in reliance. He must, however, then prove that amount with reasonable certainty. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 352(a)
A, a manufacturer, makes a contract with B, a wholesaler, to sell B a quantity of plastic. B resells the plastic to dealers. The plastic is discovered to be defective and B has many complaints from dealers, some of which refuse to place further orders with him. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B can recover the loss of good will if his loss can be estimated with reasonable certainty by such evidence as his business records before and after the transaction and the testimony of his salespersons and that of dealers. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 352(a)
A contracts with B to remodel B’s existing outdoor drive-in theatre, work to be completed on June 1. A does not complete the work until September 1. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B use to prove his lost profits?
B can use records of the theatre’s prior and subsequent operation, along with other evidence, to prove his lost profits with reasonable certainty. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 352(b)
A contracts with B to construct a new outdoor drive-in theatre, to be completed on June 1. A does not complete the theatre until September 1. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B use to prove his lost profits?
Even though the business is a new rather than an established one, B may be able to prove his lost profits with reasonable certainty. B can use records of the theatre’s subsequent operation and of the operation of similar theatres in the same locality, along with other evidence including market surveys and expert testimony, in attempting to do this. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 352(b)
A contracts with B to make B his exclusive agent for the sale of machine tools in a specified territory and to supply him with machine tools at stated prices. After B has begun to act as A’s agent, A repudiates the agreement and replaces him with C. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B use to prove his lost profits?
B can use evidence as to sales and profits made by him before the repudiation and made by C after the repudiation in attempting to prove his lost profits with reasonable certainty. It would be more difficult, although not necessarily impossible, for B to succeed in this attempt if his agency were not exclusive. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 352(b)
A, a steel manufacturer, and B, a dealer in scrap steel, contract for the sale by A to B of all of A’s output of scrap steel for five years at a price fixed in terms of the market price. B’s profit will depend largely on the amount of A’s output and the cost of transporting the scrap to B’s purchasers. A repudiates the contract at the end of one year. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
Whether B can recover damages based on lost profits over the remaining four years will depend on whether he can prove A’s output and the transportation costs with reasonable certainty. If he can do so for part of the remaining four years, he can recover damages based on lost profits for that period. The availability of the remedy of specific performance is a factor that will influence a court in requiring greater certainty. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 352(c)
A contracts to construct a house for B. A knows when the contract is made that B is in delicate health and that proper completion of the work is of great importance to him. Because of delays and departures from specifications, B suffers nervousness and emotional distress. If B takes action against A, can B include emotional disturbance in the estimation of damages?
In an action by B against A for breach of contract, the element of emotional disturbance will not be included as loss for which damages may be awarded. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 353(a)
A, a hotel keeper, wrongfully ejects B, a guest, in breach of contract. In doing so, A uses foul language and accuses B of immorality, but commits no assault. If B takes action against A, can B include emotional disturbance in the estimation of damages?
In an action by B against A for breach of contract, the element of B’s emotional disturbance will be included as loss for which damages may be awarded. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 353(a)
A makes a contract with B to conduct the funeral for B’s husband and to provide a suitable casket and vault for his burial. Shortly thereafter, B discovers that, because A knowingly failed to provide a vault with a suitable lock, water has entered it and reinterment is necessary. B suffers shock, anguish and illness as a result. If B takes action against A, can B include emotional disturbance in the estimation of damages?
In an action by B against A for breach of contract, the element of emotional disturbance will be included as loss for which damages may be awarded. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 353(a)
A lends B $10,000 to be repaid in 30 days without interest. B fails to pay the debt. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
A can recover $10,000, and is also entitled to simple interest on the $10,000 at the legal rate from the date of maturity. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 354(c)
A contracts to sell B goods for $10,000 on 30 days credit, nothing being said as to interest. A delivers the goods but B fails to pay for them at the end of 30 days. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
A can recover $10,000, and is also entitled to simple interest on the $10,000 at the legal rate from the expiration of the credit period. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 354(c)
A contracts to sell B all the berries to be grown on A’s farm during one year for $5 a quart. A delivers 2,000 quarts. No part of the price is paid. B wrongly claims that only 1,000 quarts were delivered and that they were all paid for when received. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
A can recover $10,000, and is also entitled to simple interest on the $10,000 at the legal rate from the date when payment was due. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 354(c)
A contracts to sell machinery to B for $10,000, the price to be paid by B in wheat at the market price on July 1. A delivers the machinery but B fails to deliver the wheat. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
A can recover $10,000, and is also entitled to simple interest on the $10,000 at the legal rate from July 1. The result would be the same if the price were not expressed in dollars but in terms of 1,000 bushels of wheat to be delivered on July 1 and the market price on that day was $10 a bushel. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 354(c)
On February 1 A makes a contract to sell a ship to B for $10,000,000, payment and delivery to be October 1. On September 1, B repudiates the contract and A promptly makes a reasonable contract to resell the ship for $8,000,000, payment and delivery to take place on October 1. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
A can recover $2,000,000, and is also entitled to simple interest on the $2,000,000 at the legal rate from October 1. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 354(c)
A contracts to cut and deliver to B 1 million feet of lumber from trees on B’s land. Delivery is to be by June 1 and the price is $100 per thousand feet payable on delivery. After A has spent $30,000 in cutting the timber, but before he has delivered any of it, B repudiates the contract. As a result of his expenditure, A has $1,000 worth of materials left over that he can use on other contracts. It would have cost A an additional $60,000 to cut and deliver all of the timber. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
A can recover $39,000 (See § 347), and is entitled to simple interest on the $39,000 at the legal rate from June 1. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 354(c)
A contracts to work for B at a weekly salary of $2,000. B wrongfully discharges A ten weeks before the contract ends and refuses to pay A anything for the four weeks preceding the discharge. By reasonable efforts, A can find similar work paying $1,500 a week for the last ten weeks. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
A can recover $2,000 for each of the first four weeks and $500 for each of the last ten, or $13,000. A is entitled to simple interest on each installment at the legal rate from the date that it was payable. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 354(c)
A sells seed to B, warranting that it is Bristol cabbage seed. It is an inferior type of cabbage seed instead, and B suffers a loss of profit. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can A recover?
B can recover $10,000, the difference between the value to B of a crop of Bristol cabbage and the crop actually grown. That amount was not, however, sufficiently definite to give B a right to interest on it. The allowance of interest is in the discretion of the court. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 354(d)
A contracts to build a bungalow for B for $30,000. After completion but before B has paid the final $6,000, B occupies the bungalow but refuses to pay the balance because the workmanship and materials are unsatisfactory. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
A can recover only $4,000 on the ground that B’s claim entitles him to compensation in the amount of $2,000. The sum of $4,000 was not sufficiently definite to give A a right to interest on it. The allowance of interest is within the discretion of the court. The fact that A was himself in breach will be considered. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 354(d)
A is employed as a school teacher by B. In breach of contract and without notice B discharges A by excluding him from the school building and by stating in the presence of the pupils that he is discharged. If A takes action against B, what––if anything––can A recover?
Regardless of B’s motive in discharging A, A cannot recover punitive damages from B. A can recover compensatory damages under the rule stated in § 347, including any damages for emotional disturbance that are allowable under the rule stated in § 353. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 355(a)
A and B, who are neighbors, make a contract under which A promises to supply water to B from A’s well for ten years in return for B’s promise to make monthly payments and share the cost of repairs. After several years, the relationship between A and B deteriorates and A, in breach of contract and to spite B, shuts off the water periodically. If B takes action against A, what––if anything––can B recover?
B cannot recover punitive damages from A. B can recover compensation damages under the rule stated in § 347 if he can prove them with reasonable certainty (§ 352), and the court may take into account the willfulness of A’s breach in applying that requirement. See Comment a to § 352. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 355(a)
A, a telephone company, contracts with B to render uninterrupted service. A, tortiously as well as in breach of contract, fails to maintain service at night and B is unable to telephone a doctor for his sick child. If B takes action against A, what would govern how much can B recover?
B’s right to recover punitive damages is governed by Restatement, Second, Torts § 908. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 355(b)
A borrows money from B, pledging jewelry as security for the loan. B, tortiously as well as in breach of contract, sells the jewelry to a good faith purchaser for value. What will govern A’s rights for cover punitive damages?
A’s right to recover punitive damages is governed by Restatement, Second, Torts § 908. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 355(b)
A and B sign a written contract under which A is to act in a play produced by B for a ten week season for $4,000. A term provides that “if either party shall fail to perform as agreed in any respect he will pay $10,000 as liquidated damages and not as a penalty.” A leaves the play before the last week to take another job. The play is sold out for that week and A is replaced by a suitable understudy. Are the quoted terms of the contract enforceable?
The amount fixed is unreasonable in the light of both the anticipated and the actual loss and, in spite of the use of the words “liquidated damages,” the term provides for a penalty and is unenforceable on grounds of public policy. The rest of the agreement is enforceable (§ 184(1)), and B’s remedies for A’s breach are governed by the rules stated in §§ 344–385. Restatement 2d of Contracts § 356(b)