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NUTR251 > Chapter 16: Pregnancy, Lactation And Infant Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Pregnancy, Lactation And Infant Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

How to attain a healthy lifestyle prior to pregnancy

A

Healthy pre-pregnant weight
Adequate and balanced diet
Include physical activity
Avoid cigarettes/other toxic substances
Take a prenatal supplement
- high in folic acid and iron
- be cautious of preformed vitamin A, iron, zinc, selenium, B6, vitamin D and C

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2
Q

What is the full term gestation period

A

Lasts 38-42 weeks

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3
Q

What is the pre-term period

A

Birth prior to 37 weeks gestation

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4
Q

What is low birth weight

A

<5.5 lb

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5
Q

What is small for gestational age

A

Infants that weigh less than expected for gestational age

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6
Q

When does gestation begin

A

When sperm and egg unite

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7
Q

What is the zygote

A

Conception to 2 weeks

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8
Q

What is the embryo

A

2 weeks to 8 weeks

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9
Q

What is the fetus

A

9 weeks to birth
- period of very rapid development

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10
Q

What are the critical periods

A

Zygote, embryo, fetus
Critical periods are finite windows of opportunity for development of a tissue or organ

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11
Q

How is the zygote nourished

A

It nourishes itself by absorbing secretions from glands in the uterus

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12
Q

What is the placenta

A

Forms in uterus as a zygote develops into an embryo
It is a living organ
- synthesizes fatty acids, cholesterol and glycogen for fetus
- produces hormones that direct maternal nutrients to fetus, control fetal metabolism, promote the changes in the mothers body that supports pregnancy

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13
Q

What does the umbilical cord provide connection to

A

Provides connection between placenta and fetus

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14
Q

Benefits of a nutritious diet for pregnancy

A

Ensures appropriate fetal growth
Improves likelihood of full-term development
Increases mental, physical and physiological capabilities
*nutrient requirements during critical periods is key to fetal health

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15
Q

Potential effects of a deficiency in calories

A

Growth retardation
Low birth weight

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16
Q

Potential effects of a deficiency in protein

A

Reduced head circumference
Fewer cells than normal, impact particularly severe in the brain

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17
Q

Potential effects of a deficiency in vitamin c

A

Premature birth

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18
Q

Potential effects of a deficiency in folate

A

Spontaneous abortion
Fluid accumulation in the skull, leading to brain damage
Growth retardation
Premature birth
Neural tube defects

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19
Q

Potential effects of a deficiency in Vitamin A

A

Premature birth
Eye abnormalities and impaired vision
Maternal death

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20
Q

Potential effects of a deficiency in vitamin d

A

Low birth weight
Rickets
Lack of enamel on teeth

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21
Q

Potential effects of a deficiency in calcium

A

Decreased bone density

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22
Q

Potential effects of a deficiency in iron

A

Low birth weight
Premature birth
Increased risk of fetal or infant death

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23
Q

Potential effects of a deficiency in iodine

A

Cretinism (mental and physical growth retardation)

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24
Q

Potential effects of a deficiency in zinc

A

Nervous system malformations
Growth retardation
Birth defects that affect the brain and bones

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25
What food components do not need to be increased intake during pregnancy
Vitamin d and calcium This is due to upregulation of absorption
26
Potential effects of an excess in calories
High birth weight Complications during labor and delivery
27
Potential effects of an excess in protein
If high consumption is coupled with low carbohydrate intake, may lower glucose availability and restrict energy available to the fetus
28
Potential effects of an excess in vitamin c
Sudden drop in vitamin c after birth may cause vitamin c deficiency symptoms
29
Potential effects of an excess in folate
May inhibit maternal absorption of other nutrients Hinders diagnosis of maternal vitamin b12 deficiency
30
Potential effects of an excess in vitamin A
Birth defects that affect the nervous and cardiovascular system Fascial deformities
31
Potential effects of an excess in vitamin d
Calcification of soft tissues, such as the kidneys Mental retardation Growth retardation
32
Potential effects of an excess in calcium
May hinder maternal absorption of minerals such as iron and zinc
33
Potential effects of an excess in iron
May hinder maternal absorption of minerals such as zinc and calcium
34
Potential effects of an excess in iodine
Thyroid disorders
35
Potential effects of an excess in zinc
May hinder maternal absorption of minerals such as copper and iron
36
Energy needs during pregnancy
Additional kcal and nutrients required to support: - fetal growth - placental growth - maternal stores - increased maternal metabolism Physiological adaptations increase use of or absorption of some nutrients Emphasize nutrient dense foods!
37
Added kcal needs for first trimester
No increased in kcal +0 kcal
38
How much more kcals are needed in the second trimester
+340 kcal
39
How much more kcal is needed in the third trimester
+452 kcal
40
Function of folate in fetal development
Folate helps close neural folds
41
What does optimal weight gain during pregnancy depend on
It depends on pre-pregnancy weight The higher the pre-pregnancy, the less the pregnancy weight gain should be
42
Factors that complicate pregnancy outcomes
Young maternal age Maternal eating patterns including - restriction, vegetarian/vegan diets, eating disorders Maternal health - # of pregnancies and time between pregnancies - pre-natal care - pre-eclampsia/eclampsia - gestational diabetes
43
Substances and practices to avoid during pregnancy and lactation
Environmental contaminants (PCBs and mercury in fish) Foodborne pathogens Caffeine - limit 200 mg/day Food additives No drugs/alcohol/smoking Caution with herbals (including tea)
44
Breastfeeding definition
The action of feeding a baby from the breast
45
Lactation definition
Physiological process of female mammals that occurs postpartum when the mothers breast secretes milk
46
What hormones are needed during lactation and where do they come from
Oxytocin - milk let-down - only needed at the beginning - in the posterior pituitary of the hypothalamus Prolactin - milk production - in the anterior pituitary of the hypothalamus
47
What is colostrum
Thin, yellow, ‘immature’ milk Early milk rich in protein, minerals and vitamin A Less lactose and fewer kcals Contains antibodies and immune system cells - provides infant with defense system Probiotic
48
What is transitional milk
Few days post delivery ~ 1 week Contains more fat, lactose, water-soluble vitamins and kcal than colostrum
49
What is mature milk
Replaces transitional milk Thin and watery in appearance 20 kcal/ounce Nutritionally complete for infant with exception of vitamin D and iron
50
Energy needs during lactation
500 kcal above pre-pregnancy requirements - 300 from food sources, the rest from fat stores
51
What is the fluid requirement during lactation
32 additional ounces daily
52
Factors affecting lactation
Maternal weight Maternal age Maternal eating patterns Maternal and infant health Sociocultural factors Maternal lifestyle choices Maternal food supply
53
How long should it take for birth weight to be doubled
4-6 months
54
How long should it take for birth weight to triple
1 year
55
How long should it take for birth length to increase by 50%
1 year
56
What growth percentiles are a concern
>5th percentile ~ stunted growth and underweight <95% percentile ~ overweight/obese
57
Protein needs for infants and children
Infants: 1.5 g/kg/d Children/Adolescents: ~1.1 g/kg
58
Fat needs for an infant
40-55% of kcal
59
Carbohydrate needs for infants
Primarily lactose Fiber remains important Recommendations dont vary across age groups
60
What are the 8 vitamins/minerals of concern in infancy through adolescence
1. Iron 2. Potassium 3. Calcium 4. Fluoride 5. Zinc 6. Folate 7. Vitamin D 8. Vitamin K
61
What are signs of interest and readiness to introduce solid foods
Follows spoon visually Loss of extrusion reflex Able to self-support head and neck Able to close mouth over spoon

NUTR251 (7 decks)

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