Chapter 10: Malnutrition: Obesity And Weight Management, Starvation And Eating Disorders Flashcards
What is malnutrition
- May occur in either overnutrition or undernutrition
- eventually contributes to failing health
- *Overweight and/or obesity do NOT prevent the possibility of malnutrition
How do genetics influence body weight and composition
Genetics and epigenetics have a strong influence on body weight
- 40-70% of weight differences are attributable to genetics
- impacts body type, metabolic rate, and factors influencing hunger and satiety
What is the set-point theory
Genetically predetermined body weight or fat content that is closely regulated
- does not effectively explain the obesity epidemic
- our bodies have a set-point weight, what our body type should be
What is “settling point”
Passive feedback between size of body stores and aspects of expenditure
- ‘settle’ into particular stable weight based on circumstances
How does the environment influence body weight and composition
It plays a major role
Evidence is marked increase in obesity rates in last 50 years
- genes are not altered this quickly
Couples and friends often behave similarly toward foods
Environmental factors define:
- when eating is appropriate
- what is preferable to eat
- how much is eaten
What are factors that encourage excess body fat storage and obesity
Aging
Female gender
High calorie diet
Sedentary lifestyle
Weight history
Social and behavioral factors
Certain medications
Geographic location
Genetic characteristics
Limited fat stores can be caused by:
Marfan syndrome
Anorexia nervosa
Obesity can be caused by
Brain tumors
Ovarian cysts
Hypothyroidism
Prader-Willi syndrome
What are the key features of a sound weight-loss program
Control energy intake
Perform regular physical activity
Behavior modification
What is the only obesity treatment to routinely show success
Surgical approaches
Negative consequences of weight cycling
Increased upper body fat
Diminished self esteem
Decline in HDL cholesterol
Decline in immune system function
What is the most successful long term eating strategy for weight loss
Low-energy density approaches
What is the national weight control registry and what are their findings
Tracking over 10,000 individuals who have maintained at least a 30 pounds weight loss for one year or longer
Variety in how members kept weight off, but members consistently report the following:
- eating breakfast daily
- weighing themselves once a week
- watching <10 hours of TV per week
- Exercising for 1+ hour a day
How to use regular physical activity for weight loss
Expending 100 to 300 kcal/day above normal activity can contribute to weight loss along with regulation of kcal intake
- duration and regularity are key
- find activities that are enjoyable
- add resistance exercises
What is chain-breaking
Separate behaviors that occur together
What is stimulus control
Alter the environment to minimize stimuli for eating
What is cognitive restructuring
Change frame of mind regarding eating
Contingency management
Prepare for situations that may trigger overeating
Self-monitoring
Track food eaten, when, why, how you feel, physical activities, body weight
What are the risks of a Fad Diet
Often unhealthy and unrealistic eating plans
Typically monotonous and/or restrictive
May lead to immediate (and even dramatic) weight loss
- *RARELY long lasting solutions
- may be harmful
Fad Diets 10 red flags
- Recommendations that promise a quick fix
- Dire warnings of danger from a single product or regimen
- Claims that sound too good to be true
- Simplistic conclusion drawn from a complex study
- Recommendations based on a single study
- Dramatic statements that are refuted by reputable scientific organizations
- List of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ foods
- Recommendations made to help sell a product; often, testimonials are used
- Recommendations based on studies published without peer review
- Recommendations from studies that ignore differences among individuals or groups
Characteristics and outcomes of a moderate energy restriction diet approach
Generally 1200 to 1800 kcal/day with moderate fat intake, reasonable balance of macronutrients, encourage exercise, may use behavioral approach
Acceptable if a balanced multivitamin and mineral supplement is used and if physician approval is obtained
What are the characteristics and outcomes of a restricted carbohydrate diet
Generally, less than 100 g of carbohydrates per day
Outcomes: ketosis
Characteristics and outcomes of a low fat diet
Generally, less than 20% of energy intake from fat, limited animal protein, limited fats, nuts and seeds
Outcomes: flatulence, poor mineral absorption, limited food choices lead to deprivation
