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NUTR251 > Chapter 10: Malnutrition: Obesity And Weight Management, Starvation And Eating Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Malnutrition: Obesity And Weight Management, Starvation And Eating Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is malnutrition

A
  • May occur in either overnutrition or undernutrition
  • eventually contributes to failing health
  • *Overweight and/or obesity do NOT prevent the possibility of malnutrition
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2
Q

How do genetics influence body weight and composition

A

Genetics and epigenetics have a strong influence on body weight
- 40-70% of weight differences are attributable to genetics
- impacts body type, metabolic rate, and factors influencing hunger and satiety

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3
Q

What is the set-point theory

A

Genetically predetermined body weight or fat content that is closely regulated
- does not effectively explain the obesity epidemic

  • our bodies have a set-point weight, what our body type should be
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4
Q

What is “settling point”

A

Passive feedback between size of body stores and aspects of expenditure
- ‘settle’ into particular stable weight based on circumstances

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5
Q

How does the environment influence body weight and composition

A

It plays a major role
Evidence is marked increase in obesity rates in last 50 years
- genes are not altered this quickly
Couples and friends often behave similarly toward foods
Environmental factors define:
- when eating is appropriate
- what is preferable to eat
- how much is eaten

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6
Q

What are factors that encourage excess body fat storage and obesity

A

Aging
Female gender
High calorie diet
Sedentary lifestyle
Weight history
Social and behavioral factors
Certain medications
Geographic location
Genetic characteristics

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7
Q

Limited fat stores can be caused by:

A

Marfan syndrome
Anorexia nervosa

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8
Q

Obesity can be caused by

A

Brain tumors
Ovarian cysts
Hypothyroidism
Prader-Willi syndrome

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9
Q

What are the key features of a sound weight-loss program

A

Control energy intake
Perform regular physical activity
Behavior modification

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10
Q

What is the only obesity treatment to routinely show success

A

Surgical approaches

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11
Q

Negative consequences of weight cycling

A

Increased upper body fat
Diminished self esteem
Decline in HDL cholesterol
Decline in immune system function

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12
Q

What is the most successful long term eating strategy for weight loss

A

Low-energy density approaches

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13
Q

What is the national weight control registry and what are their findings

A

Tracking over 10,000 individuals who have maintained at least a 30 pounds weight loss for one year or longer
Variety in how members kept weight off, but members consistently report the following:
- eating breakfast daily
- weighing themselves once a week
- watching <10 hours of TV per week
- Exercising for 1+ hour a day

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14
Q

How to use regular physical activity for weight loss

A

Expending 100 to 300 kcal/day above normal activity can contribute to weight loss along with regulation of kcal intake
- duration and regularity are key
- find activities that are enjoyable
- add resistance exercises

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15
Q

What is chain-breaking

A

Separate behaviors that occur together

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16
Q

What is stimulus control

A

Alter the environment to minimize stimuli for eating

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17
Q

What is cognitive restructuring

A

Change frame of mind regarding eating

18
Q

Contingency management

A

Prepare for situations that may trigger overeating

19
Q

Self-monitoring

A

Track food eaten, when, why, how you feel, physical activities, body weight

20
Q

What are the risks of a Fad Diet

A

Often unhealthy and unrealistic eating plans
Typically monotonous and/or restrictive
May lead to immediate (and even dramatic) weight loss
- *RARELY long lasting solutions
- may be harmful

21
Q

Fad Diets 10 red flags

A
  1. Recommendations that promise a quick fix
  2. Dire warnings of danger from a single product or regimen
  3. Claims that sound too good to be true
  4. Simplistic conclusion drawn from a complex study
  5. Recommendations based on a single study
  6. Dramatic statements that are refuted by reputable scientific organizations
  7. List of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ foods
  8. Recommendations made to help sell a product; often, testimonials are used
  9. Recommendations based on studies published without peer review
  10. Recommendations from studies that ignore differences among individuals or groups
22
Q

Characteristics and outcomes of a moderate energy restriction diet approach

A

Generally 1200 to 1800 kcal/day with moderate fat intake, reasonable balance of macronutrients, encourage exercise, may use behavioral approach
Acceptable if a balanced multivitamin and mineral supplement is used and if physician approval is obtained

23
Q

What are the characteristics and outcomes of a restricted carbohydrate diet

A

Generally, less than 100 g of carbohydrates per day
Outcomes: ketosis

24
Q

Characteristics and outcomes of a low fat diet

A

Generally, less than 20% of energy intake from fat, limited animal protein, limited fats, nuts and seeds
Outcomes: flatulence, poor mineral absorption, limited food choices lead to deprivation

25
Q

Characteristics and outcomes of novelty diets

A

Promote certain nutrients, foods, or combinations of foods as having unique, magical or previously undiscovered qualities, promote gimmicks that have no effect on weight loss
Outcomes: malnutrition, no change in habits

26
Q

What is intermittent fasting

A

Eating patterns with extended periods of time (16-48 hours) with little or no energy intake with intervening periods of normal food intake

27
Q

What is periodic fasting

A

Fasting lasting from 2 to 21 days

28
Q

Can preoccupation with weight and size be detrimental to health

A

Yes
- the non-diet approach recognizes that media, diet industry and some medical professionals have encouraged this preoccupation
- results in exclusion of size diversity and healthier living

29
Q

Principles of the non-diet philosophy

A

Humans come in a variety of shapes and sizes
Diversity is a positive characteristic of the human race
There is no one ideal body size, shape or weight
Self-esteem and body image are strongly linked
- helping people feel good about their bodies can help motivate them to maintain healthy behavior
Appearance stereotyping is inherently unfair and based on superficial factors over which the individual has little or no control

30
Q

What is steady weight loss

A

0.5-2 pounds per week
For approximately 6 months (5-10% loss of body weight)
Next 6 months, maintain

31
Q

A 5-10% weight loss results in

A

Decrease in elevated blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance
Increase in HDL cholesterol
Decreased risk of some kinds of cancer
Decreased pain in arthritis (hip and leg)

32
Q

Most common eating disorders

A

Obesity, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder

33
Q

What is the most common/prevalent eating disorder

A

Binge-eating disorder

34
Q

What is anorexia nervosa

A

Characterized by weight loss, difficulty maintaining appropriate body weight, and often a distorted body image

35
Q

Anorexia treatment

A

Multidisciplinary teams
- physicians
- registered dietitians
- psychologists
- other health professionals
- friends & family
Ideal setting is in a medical center
Nutrition therapy and psychological therapy also used

36
Q

What is bulimia nervosa

A

Characterized by a cycle of bingeing and compensatory behaviors to undo or compensate for the binge

37
Q

Physical effects of bulimia

A

Demineralization of teeth
Low potassium levels
Swelling of salivary glands
Stomach ulcers and tears in esophagus
Constipation
Toxic effects of ipecac syrup on heart, liver, kidneys

38
Q

Bulimia treatment

A

Nutrition therapy
Psychological and related therapy

39
Q

What is binge eating disorder

A

Eating large amounts of food frequently, rapidly and until uncomfortably full
Alone because of embarrassment
*not necessarily linked to obesity
Frequent dieting beginning in childhood or adolescence may be a precursor
Stress, depression, or anxiety can trigger binge

40
Q

Binge-eating disorder treatment

A

Needs professional help
Nutrition and psychological therapy
Self-help groups
Antidepressants may be prescribed

41
Q

What is protein-energy malnutrition

A

Deficiency in both protein and kcal
Serious public health concern in developing areas of the world
Protein deficiency usually occurs in combination with a deficiency of energy
Ex: Kwashiorkor, marasmus

NUTR251 (7 decks)

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