chapter 16: Labor and Birth Processes

Question 1

When does the soft spot (anterior fontanel) close?

Answer 1

18 months

Question 2

relationship of the fetal body parts to one another is?

Answer 2

Attitude

Question 3

relation of the long axis (spine) of the fetus to the long axis (spine) of the mother is?

Answer 3

Lie

Question 4

refers to the part of the fetus that enters the pelvic inlet first and leads through the birth canal during labor at term is?

Answer 4

Presentation

Question 5

is the relation of the presenting part to the four quadrants of the mother’s pelvis is?

Answer 5

Position

Question 6

___ denotes a fetus is positioned ANTERIORLY in the RIGHT side of the maternal pelvis with the OCCIPUT as the presenting part.

Answer 6

ROA

Question 7

____denotes a fetus is positioned Posteriorly in the Left side of the pelvis with the sacrum as the presenting part.

Answer 7

LSP

Question 8

Fetus is positioned anteriorly in the left side of the pelvis with the occiput as the presenting part

Answer 8

LOA

Question 9

least effective position when gravity is desired to assist in fetal descent?

Answer 9

Lithotomy- predominant position in the US which requires the woman to be in a reclined position with her legs in stirrups. Gravity has little effect in this position.

Question 10

positions that help align the fetus within the pelvic outlet and allows gravity to assist in fetal descent.

Answer 10

walking, kneeling and sitting

Question 11

True labor

Answer 11

when contractions are stronger and closer together

Question 12

stage of labor where it starts as uterine contractions to full dilation of the cervix. Last longer than the other stages.

Answer 12

First stage

Question 13

stage of labor that last from the time the cervix is fully dilated to the birth of the fetus. Average length is 20 minutes (multiparous) and 50 mins (nulliparous)

Answer 13

Second Stage

Question 14

Stage of labor lasts from the birth of the fetus until the placenta is delivered. This stage may be as short as 3 minutes or as long as 1 hour.

Answer 14

3rd stage

Question 15

stage of labor last about 2 hours after delivery of the placenta.

Answer 15

4th stage

Question 16

Normal maternal cardiovascular finding during labor

Answer 16

increased cardiac output-during each contraction 400ml of blood is emptied from the uterus into the maternal vascular system by about 30-50% in the 2nd stage.

Question 17

what are the 5 P’s that affect the process of labor and birth?

Answer 17

Passenger (fetus and placenta), Passageway (birth canal), Powers (contractions), Position of the Mother, Physiologic Response

Question 18

Membrane filled spaces

Answer 18

Fontanels- not a bone in the skull

Question 19

what are the fetal skull?

Answer 19

Parietal (2), Temporal (2), Occipital and frontal bone

Question 20

the slight overlapping of cranial bones or shaping of the fetal head during labor is called?

Answer 20

Molding

Question 21

is the mother’s sensation of decreased abdominal distention, which usually occurs the week before labor.

Answer 21

Lightening

Question 22

is the contraction urge of the uterus after stimulation of the cervix (bearing down) cause by the release of oxytocin.

Answer 22

Ferguson reflex

Question 23

conscious pushing during the second stage of labor (prolonged bearing down)

Answer 23

Valsalva maneuver

Question 24

cephalic presentations (head first) the presenting part if the occiput, this occurs in ___ % of births.

Answer 24

96%

Question 25

the sacrum emerges first, occurs in about 3% of births.

Answer 25

breech

Question 26

normal attitude of the fetus is called _____.

Answer 26

General flexion

Question 27

Involuntary uterine contractions, signal the beginning of labor.

Answer 27

Primary powers

Question 28

once the cervix has dilated, voluntary bearing down efforts by the woman is called ____, augment the force of the involuntary contractions.

Answer 28

secondary powers

Question 29

what are the terms to describe involuntary contractions?

Answer 29

frequency, duration and intensity

Question 30

term use from the time the beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next contraction is called?

Answer 30

frequency

Question 31

length of contraction is called?

Answer 31

duration

Question 32

strength of contraction at its peak is called?

Answer 32

intensity

Question 33

cervix means the shortening and thinning of the cervix during the first stage of labor.

Answer 33

Effacement- usually 2 to 3 cm long and about 1 cm thick.

Question 34

___ of the cervix is the enlargement or widening of the cervical opening and the cervical canal that occurs once labor has begun.

Answer 34

dilation- 1 cm to full dilation (10 cm). Once the cervix is fully dilated it can not be palpated, it marks the end of the first stage labor.

Question 35

Predominant labor positioning in the US is ?

Answer 35

Lithotomy position

Question 36

___ position where the abdominal muscles work in greater synchrony with uterine contractions during bearing down efforts.

Answer 36

sitting or squatting

Question 37

___ position moves the uterus forward and aligns the fetus with the pelvic inlet and can facilitate second stage of labor by increasing the pelvic outlet.

Answer 37

kneeling or squatting

Question 38

___ can be used by the woman to help rotate a fetus that is in a posterior position.

Answer 38

lateral position

Question 39

refers to the process of moving the fetus, placenta, and membranes out of the uterus and through the birth canal.

Answer 39

Labor

Question 40

What are the Seven cardinal movements of the mechanism of labor?

Answer 40

Engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, external rotation (resitution), birth by expulsion.