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BIOL 220 Exam 2 Reversed Edition > Chapter 16 - Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

______ protects the human host.

A

Immune System

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2
Q

_______ is the ability to fight-off (get rid of) pathogens and prevent disease.

A

Immunity

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3
Q

______ is when a host has immunity and is resilient to pathogens.

A

Resistance

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4
Q

______ is when the host lacks immunity and is at risk of developing a disease.

A

Susceptibility

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5
Q

_______ is the ability of the host to remove pathogens to prevent disease.

A

Host defenses

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6
Q

If host defenses are successful, that means that the host has _____.

A

Immunity

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7
Q

If host defenses are NOT successful, that means that the host becomes _______.

A

Diseased

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8
Q

_________ is immune/resistant to ANY pathogen and is known as “Non-specific” immunity.

A

Innate Immunity

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9
Q

________ is immune/resistant to a SPECIFIC pathogen and is known as “Specific” Immunity

A

Adaptive Immunity

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10
Q

______ is present at birth, has a rapid immune response, and is composed of the 1st and 2nd Lines of Host Desenses.

A

Innate Immunity

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11
Q

________ has host defenses that are developed over time to handle specific microbes, have a slower immune response, and are composed of the 3rd Line of Host Defense.

A

Adaptive Immunity

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12
Q

________ consists of packed and multiple layers of epithelial cells with keratin protein in the top layer and dry.

A

Intact Skin - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

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13
Q

_________ lines gastrointestinal, respiratory and genitourinary tracts. _______ also secretes a thick fluid that traps pathogens.

A

Mucous Membrane - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

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14
Q

_________ are cells of the lower respiratory tract that have cilia. Cilia move together and sweep the mucus up and out of the body.

A

Ciliary Escalator - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

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15
Q

______ protects the eye and uses tears to act as a flushing mechanism for pathogens.

A

Lacrimal Apparatus - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

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16
Q

________ act as a flushing mechanism and wash away pathogens from the mouth, urethra, and reproductive area.

A

Saliva, Urine & Vaginal Secretions - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

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17
Q

______ is slightly acidic (most bacteria don’t like an acidic environment).

A

Chemical Factors of Skin - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

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18
Q

_____ is salty (most bacteria are not salt-loving). _____ also has sebum which lowers the pH.

A

Chemical Factors of Skin - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

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19
Q

______ are found in body secretions such as sweat, tears, and saliva. ________ breakdown chemical bonds in peptidoglycan which destroys bacteria cell walls.

A

Lysozymes - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

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20
Q

________ are produced by the stomach and contain enzymes and acid that destroy most bacteria.

A

Gastric Juices - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

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21
Q

_______ are proteins that bind to iron. Iron is a micronutrient for bacteria, so if there is no iron for the bacteria, there will be no growth.

A

Blood Transferrins - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

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22
Q

________ are organisms that benefit from the host, while the host remains unaffected. Example: microbes on the skin and in the gastrointestinal tract.

A

Normal Microbiota (Commensal) - 1st Line of Defense: Biological Barriers (Innate Immunity)

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23
Q

______ are microbes that provide something to the host. Example: vitamin K-producing bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract

A

Normal Microbiota (Beneficial) - 1st Line of Defense: Biological Barriers (Innate Immunity)

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24
Q

________ are microbes that act as pathogens when removed from their normal habitat.

A

Normal Microbiota (Opportunistic) - 1st Line of Defense: Biological Barriers (Innate Immunity)

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25
Q

_________ is when normal microbiota outcompete pathogens leading to decreased populations of pathogenic bacteria.

A

Competitive Exclusion

26
Q

_________ is when normal microbiota takes up all the nutrients, multiply rapidly, and produces substances to harm invading pathogens.

A

Competitive Exclusion

27
Q

______ are cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma. _______ are created in red bone marrow stem cells via hematopoiesis. Examples of _______ are Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Thrombocytes.

A

Formed Elements in Blood - 2nd Line of Defense (Innate Immunity)

28
Q

_______ contains hemoglobin that binds to O2 and CO2.

A

Erythrocytes

29
Q

________ is involved in immune response.

A

Leukocytes

30
Q

_______ are cell fragments that aid in blood clotting upon injury.

A

Thrombocytes

31
Q

_________ leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with a light microscope. Some examples of granulocytes are Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils.

A

Granulocytes

32
Q

______ are granulocytes that release histamine, which is involved in allergic responses/symptoms

A

Basophils

33
Q

_______ are granulocytes that produce toxins that are toxic against parasites and worms.

A

Eosinophils

34
Q

_______ are phagocytic granulocytes that work in the early stages of infection. They are the first to appear at the site of infection.

A

Neutrophils

35
Q

________ are leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are not visible with a light microscope.

A

Agranulocytes

36
Q

________ _ are agranulocytes that travel in the blood and will alter mature into macrophages in tissue, where they will become phagocytic.

A

Monocytes

37
Q

(N)EVER
(L)ET
(M)ONKEYS
(E)AT
(B)ANANAS

A

White Blood Cell Count

38
Q

_______ is the engulfment/ingestion of microbes or other substances by a phagocyte.

A

Phagocytosis

39
Q

_______ is a non-specific host cell capable of phagocytosis. Examples of _______ are Neutrophils, Macrophages, and Dendritic cells.

A

Phagocytes

40
Q

_______ release of chemical signals (cytokines) by pathogens to attract phagocytes

A

Chemotaxis (1st stage of phagocytosis)

41
Q

________ is the attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the pathogen.

A

Adherence (2nd stage of phagocytosis)

42
Q

________ is the engulfment of a pathogen to form a phagosome and merges with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome inside of a phagocyte.

A

Ingestion (3rd stage of phagocytosis)

43
Q

________ is when the pathogen is digested inside of a phagolysosome.

A

Digestion (4th stage of phagocytosis)

44
Q

________ are used to escape phagocytosis by appearing too big to be engulfed.
Ex. Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Capsule

45
Q

_______ is used to escape phagocytosis as it is a pore-forming toxin that is capable of killing phagocytes.
Ex. Genus Staphylococcus

A

Leukocidins

46
Q

______ is a waxy lipid that inhibits the lysosome enzymes of phagocytes. The bacteria multiply inside phagocytes and hide from the immune system.

A

Mycolic Acid

47
Q

Pain, Redness, Immobility, Swelling, and Heat are signs and symptoms of ________.

A

Inflammation

48
Q

______ is caused by the release of certain chemicals by leukocytes.

A

Pain

49
Q

_______ is when blood goes to the affected area.

A

Redness

50
Q

_________ is caused by the local loss of function in severe inflammation.

A

Immobility

51
Q

______ is due to the accumulation of fluids.

A

Swelling

52
Q

______ is caused by increased blood flow to the affected area.

A

Heat

53
Q

Increases metabolic rate, enhances immune response, and induces antimicrobial substances are all _______.

A

Consequences of Fever

54
Q

Serum proteins (complement proteins) enhance the immune system in destroying pathogens. Complement proteins act in a cascade (waterfall) manner called complement activation. This is apart of the _________.

A

Complement System

55
Q

_________ is when complement proteins coat the surface of a pathogen. This coating promotes the attraction of phagocytes to the pathogen.

A

Opsonization (outcome of complement activatio)

56
Q

_______ is when complement proteins bind to mast cells. The mast cells release histamines which increase blood vessel permiablility, making it leaky. This new permiablility allows phagocytes to leak through

A

Inflammation (outcome of complement activatio)

57
Q

_______ is when complement proteins create a membrane attack complex (MAC). MAC create holes in the pathogen’s cell wall/membrane. This allows fluid to enter the pathogen and make it burst.

A

Cytolysis (outcome of complement activationn)

58
Q

Complement proteins cannot bind easily because of ________.

A

Capsule Production (Evasion of Complement System)

59
Q

Enzymes from bacteria prevent MAC assembly because of ________.

A

Inhibition of MAC formation(Evasion of Complement System)

60
Q

Bacteria produce protease which destroy bacteria.

A

Inactivation/destruction of complement protein (Evasion of Complement System)

61
Q

_______ are small proteins produced by some animal host cells upon animal viral infections. They cause/alert neighboring cells to highten their anti-viral defesnes.

A

Interferons

BIOL 220 Exam 2 Reversed Edition (5 decks)

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