Chapter 16 - Innate Immunity Flashcards
______ protects the human host.
Immune System
_______ is the ability to fight-off (get rid of) pathogens and prevent disease.
Immunity
______ is when a host has immunity and is resilient to pathogens.
Resistance
______ is when the host lacks immunity and is at risk of developing a disease.
Susceptibility
_______ is the ability of the host to remove pathogens to prevent disease.
Host defenses
If host defenses are successful, that means that the host has _____.
Immunity
If host defenses are NOT successful, that means that the host becomes _______.
Diseased
_________ is immune/resistant to ANY pathogen and is known as “Non-specific” immunity.
Innate Immunity
________ is immune/resistant to a SPECIFIC pathogen and is known as “Specific” Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
______ is present at birth, has a rapid immune response, and is composed of the 1st and 2nd Lines of Host Desenses.
Innate Immunity
________ has host defenses that are developed over time to handle specific microbes, have a slower immune response, and are composed of the 3rd Line of Host Defense.
Adaptive Immunity
________ consists of packed and multiple layers of epithelial cells with keratin protein in the top layer and dry.
Intact Skin - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)
_________ lines gastrointestinal, respiratory and genitourinary tracts. _______ also secretes a thick fluid that traps pathogens.
Mucous Membrane - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)
_________ are cells of the lower respiratory tract that have cilia. Cilia move together and sweep the mucus up and out of the body.
Ciliary Escalator - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)
______ protects the eye and uses tears to act as a flushing mechanism for pathogens.
Lacrimal Apparatus - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)
________ act as a flushing mechanism and wash away pathogens from the mouth, urethra, and reproductive area.
Saliva, Urine & Vaginal Secretions - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)
______ is slightly acidic (most bacteria don’t like an acidic environment).
Chemical Factors of Skin - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)
_____ is salty (most bacteria are not salt-loving). _____ also has sebum which lowers the pH.
Chemical Factors of Skin - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)
______ are found in body secretions such as sweat, tears, and saliva. ________ breakdown chemical bonds in peptidoglycan which destroys bacteria cell walls.
Lysozymes - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)
________ are produced by the stomach and contain enzymes and acid that destroy most bacteria.
Gastric Juices - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)
_______ are proteins that bind to iron. Iron is a micronutrient for bacteria, so if there is no iron for the bacteria, there will be no growth.
Blood Transferrins - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)
________ are organisms that benefit from the host, while the host remains unaffected. Example: microbes on the skin and in the gastrointestinal tract.
Normal Microbiota (Commensal) - 1st Line of Defense: Biological Barriers (Innate Immunity)
______ are microbes that provide something to the host. Example: vitamin K-producing bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract
Normal Microbiota (Beneficial) - 1st Line of Defense: Biological Barriers (Innate Immunity)
________ are microbes that act as pathogens when removed from their normal habitat.
Normal Microbiota (Opportunistic) - 1st Line of Defense: Biological Barriers (Innate Immunity)
_________ is when normal microbiota outcompete pathogens leading to decreased populations of pathogenic bacteria.
Competitive Exclusion
_________ is when normal microbiota takes up all the nutrients, multiply rapidly, and produces substances to harm invading pathogens.
Competitive Exclusion
______ are cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma. _______ are created in red bone marrow stem cells via hematopoiesis. Examples of _______ are Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Thrombocytes.
Formed Elements in Blood - 2nd Line of Defense (Innate Immunity)
_______ contains hemoglobin that binds to O2 and CO2.
Erythrocytes
________ is involved in immune response.
Leukocytes
_______ are cell fragments that aid in blood clotting upon injury.
Thrombocytes
_________ leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with a light microscope. Some examples of granulocytes are Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils.
Granulocytes
______ are granulocytes that release histamine, which is involved in allergic responses/symptoms
Basophils
_______ are granulocytes that produce toxins that are toxic against parasites and worms.
Eosinophils
_______ are phagocytic granulocytes that work in the early stages of infection. They are the first to appear at the site of infection.
Neutrophils
________ are leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are not visible with a light microscope.
Agranulocytes
________ _ are agranulocytes that travel in the blood and will alter mature into macrophages in tissue, where they will become phagocytic.
Monocytes
(N)EVER
(L)ET
(M)ONKEYS
(E)AT
(B)ANANAS
White Blood Cell Count
_______ is the engulfment/ingestion of microbes or other substances by a phagocyte.
Phagocytosis
_______ is a non-specific host cell capable of phagocytosis. Examples of _______ are Neutrophils, Macrophages, and Dendritic cells.
Phagocytes
_______ release of chemical signals (cytokines) by pathogens to attract phagocytes
Chemotaxis (1st stage of phagocytosis)
________ is the attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the pathogen.
Adherence (2nd stage of phagocytosis)
________ is the engulfment of a pathogen to form a phagosome and merges with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome inside of a phagocyte.
Ingestion (3rd stage of phagocytosis)
________ is when the pathogen is digested inside of a phagolysosome.
Digestion (4th stage of phagocytosis)
________ are used to escape phagocytosis by appearing too big to be engulfed.
Ex. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Capsule
_______ is used to escape phagocytosis as it is a pore-forming toxin that is capable of killing phagocytes.
Ex. Genus Staphylococcus
Leukocidins
______ is a waxy lipid that inhibits the lysosome enzymes of phagocytes. The bacteria multiply inside phagocytes and hide from the immune system.
Mycolic Acid
Pain, Redness, Immobility, Swelling, and Heat are signs and symptoms of ________.
Inflammation
______ is caused by the release of certain chemicals by leukocytes.
Pain
_______ is when blood goes to the affected area.
Redness
_________ is caused by the local loss of function in severe inflammation.
Immobility
______ is due to the accumulation of fluids.
Swelling
______ is caused by increased blood flow to the affected area.
Heat
Increases metabolic rate, enhances immune response, and induces antimicrobial substances are all _______.
Consequences of Fever
Serum proteins (complement proteins) enhance the immune system in destroying pathogens. Complement proteins act in a cascade (waterfall) manner called complement activation. This is apart of the _________.
Complement System
_________ is when complement proteins coat the surface of a pathogen. This coating promotes the attraction of phagocytes to the pathogen.
Opsonization (outcome of complement activatio)
_______ is when complement proteins bind to mast cells. The mast cells release histamines which increase blood vessel permiablility, making it leaky. This new permiablility allows phagocytes to leak through
Inflammation (outcome of complement activatio)
_______ is when complement proteins create a membrane attack complex (MAC). MAC create holes in the pathogen’s cell wall/membrane. This allows fluid to enter the pathogen and make it burst.
Cytolysis (outcome of complement activationn)
Complement proteins cannot bind easily because of ________.
Capsule Production (Evasion of Complement System)
Enzymes from bacteria prevent MAC assembly because of ________.
Inhibition of MAC formation(Evasion of Complement System)
Bacteria produce protease which destroy bacteria.
Inactivation/destruction of complement protein (Evasion of Complement System)
_______ are small proteins produced by some animal host cells upon animal viral infections. They cause/alert neighboring cells to highten their anti-viral defesnes.
Interferons
