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BIOL 220 Exam 2 Reversed Edition > Chapter 14 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is the study of the cause of a disease.

A

Etiology

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1
Q

_______ is the development of disease.

A

Pathogenesis

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2
Q

_______ is the study of disease.

A

Pathology

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3
Q

________ is an abnormal state/condition in which the body is not performing normal functions.

A

Disease

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4
Q

_______ is the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens.

A

Infection

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4
Q

________ are microbes that are always present in/on the human host.

A

Normal Microbiota

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5
Q

________ is a disease caused by a pathogen.

A

Infectious Disease

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6
Q

______ is the relationship microbe and the host.

A

Symbiosis

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6
Q

_______ is the relationship where both organisms benefit.

A

Mutualism

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6
Q

__________ is a disease not caused by a pathogen.

A

Non-infectious disease

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7
Q

_____ are microbes that take up temporary residence and remain in the body for only hours to months.

A

Transient Microbiota

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8
Q

_______ is the relationship when one organism benefits while the other is unaffected.

A

Commensalism

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9
Q

______ is the relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other.

A

Parasitism

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10
Q

_______ are used to determine the cause of an infectious disease, specific pathogen -> specific
disease.

A

Koch’s Postulates

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11
Q

______ are changes in body function that are felt by a patient. These changes are not observable nor are they measurable, such as pain and fatigue.

A

Symptoms

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12
Q

______ are changes in the body that can be measured or observed, such as weight, temperature, and blood pressure.

A

Signs

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13
Q

______ is a disease that is spread from one host to another. An example of _______ is Chickenpox.

A

Communicable Disease

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14
Q

_______ is a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease.

A

Syndrome

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15
Q

______ is a type of communicable disease that is easily and rapidly spread.

A

Contagious Disease

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16
Q

________ is a disease that does not spread from one host to another. An example of _______ is tetanus and diabetes.

A

Noncommunicable Disease

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17
Q

_______ is the number of people who develop a disease during a specific time period.

A

Incidence

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18
Q

_______ is the number of people who develop a disease at a certain time regardless of when it first appeared and takes into account both old and new cases

A

Prevalence

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19
Q

________ is a disease that occurs only occasionally, random manner, and with no pattern of disease. Ex: Mad Cow Disease

A

Sporadic Disease

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20
Q

______ is a disease that is consistently present in a population. Ex: Malaria

A

Endemic Disease

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21
Q

_______ is a disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time that spreads quickly. Ex: Influenza

A

Epidemic Disease (Outbreak)

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22
Q

_______ is a worldwide/global epidemic. Ex: Covid-19

A

Pandemic Disease

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23
Q

_______ has symptoms that develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time.

A

Acute Disease

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24
Q

_______ has symptoms develop slowly and last a long time.

A

Chronic/Persistent disease

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25
Q

________ are intermediate between acute and chronic.

A

Subacute disease

26
Q

________ occurs when a causative agent is inactive for a time, but then activates and produces symptoms.

A

Latent Disease

27
Q

______ is immunity where an entire population is protected and is accomplished through vaccination. This occurs because if most of the population is immunized, then they are less likely to get sick and infect non-immunized people.

A

Herd Immunity

28
Q

______ occurs when pathogens are limited to a small area of the body. Ex: Skin Infection

A

Local Infection

29
Q

_________ occurs when an infection is spread throughout the body.

A

Systemic (generalized) Infection

30
Q

_______ is the uncontrollable spread of a pathogen in the blood and is a life-threatening condition.

A

Sepsis/Septicemia

31
Q

_____ occurs when bacteria are in the blood.

A

Bacteremia

32
Q

________ occurs when toxins are in the blood

33
Q

________ occurs when viruses are in the blood

34
Q

______ are acute infection that causes the initial illness. Ex: HIV/AIDS

A

Primary Infection

35
Q

______ are caused by opportunistic pathogens after a [primary infection. Ex: AIDS-related opportunistic infections.

A

Secondary Infection

36
Q

Gender, Age, Lifestyle, Inherited traits, Climate, Weather, and poor sanitary conditions are all known as ________.

A

Predisposing Factors

37
Q

_______ has no signs and symptoms present. This is the interval between the initial infection and the first signs and symptoms.

A

Incubation

38
Q

_______ has early, mild symptoms and is after incubation. This is the first appearance of signs and symptoms.

A

Prodromal Period

39
Q

_______ has the most severe signs and symptoms.

A

Period of Illness

40
Q

_____ leads to either a period of decline or death. ______ also is the stage where Ab titer is the highest.

A

Peak of Illness

41
Q

_______ are where signs and symptoms subside.

A

Period of Decline

42
Q

_______ is when the body returns to its pre-diseased state.

A

Period of Convalescence/Recovery

43
Q

________ are the continual sources of infection. (where is the pathogen found? )

44
Q

Sick people or “carriers” with no signs and symptoms are known as ________.

A

Human Reservoir

45
Q

The source of infection that comes from creatures is known as _______.

A

Animal Reservoirs

46
Q

Contaminated inanimate objects such as soil, air, water, and food are known as ________.

A

Non-living reservoirs

47
Q

_______ requires a close association (touching) between the infected person and the susceptible host.

A

Direct Contact Transmission

48
Q

______ spreads to the host by a contaminated non-living object called a fomite (ex: contaminated doorknob, utensils, etc.)

A

Indirect Contact Transmission

49
Q

________ is the transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

A

Droplet Transmission

50
Q

______ is transmitted by a contaminated inanimate reservoir.

A

Vehicle Transmission

51
Q

_______ transmission via airborne droplets more than 1 meter.

A

Vehicle Transmission airborne

52
Q

_______ is accomplished by arthropods, such as fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes, where pathogens can be in or on them.

A

Vector Transmission

53
Q

_______ occurs when an arthropod vector carries a pathogen on the outside of its body. This is known as the “passive transport” of pathogens.

A

Mechanical Vector Transmission

54
Q

________ occurs when an arthropod vector supports the life cycle of pathogens inside of its body. The pathogens are transmitted via bites and are also called “active transport” of pathogens.

A

Biological Vector Transmission

55
Q

_______ is an infection acquired in the hospital/clinical environment.

A

Healthcare-Associated Infections

56
Q

Improperly cleaned healthcare settings and weakened immune status of the host are _______.

A

Sources of Healthcare-Associated Infections

57
Q

_______ occur from improper sterilization of surgical equipment.

A

Surgical Site Infections

58
Q

______ can happen from contaminated respiratory devices.

59
Q

_________ can happen from contaminated equipment from GI surgery.

A

C. difficile Infections

60
Q

surgical wounds are caused by _______.

A

Staphylococcus aureus

61
Q

diarrhea after abdominal surgery is caused by _________.

A

Clostridium difficile

62
Q

_________ collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States.

63
Q

________ is the number of people or incidence of a specific notifiable disease.

64
Q

________ is the number of deaths from notifiable disease.

65
Q

________ are diseases in which physicians are required by law to report the occurrence to the CDC.

A

Nationally Notifiable Infectious Disease

66
Q

Gonorrhea, HIV infection, and Syphilis are all examples of ________.

A

Nationally Notifiable Infectious Disease

BIOL 220 Exam 2 Reversed Edition (5 decks)

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