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BIOL 3600 > Chapter 16- Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Chapter 16- Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main pathway for metabolizing glucose?

A

Glycolysis

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2
Q

Which pathway is the preferred macronutrient fuel for most cells?

A

Glycolysis

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3
Q

How many carbons does glucose have and what is it classifies as?

A

A 6 Carbon sugar

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4
Q

How many carbons does pyruvate have?

A

3 carbons

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5
Q

What are the 3 stages of metabolism?

A

Stage 1: digestion and absorption
- happens outside of cells
*********

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6
Q

What are the 3 stages of glycolysis?

A

C6 stage: Investment
Another stage: Splitting
C3 stage: Harvesting

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7
Q

What does the splitting stage do in glycolysis?

A

The conversion of 6 carbons to 3 carbons

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8
Q

What is the C6 stage also called?

A

The investment stage

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9
Q

What does the C6 stage include in glycolysis?

A

the hexokinase and the phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) reactions as well as others

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10
Q

what does a kinase do?

A

transfers a phosphate from one organophosphate onto another

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11
Q

What do hexokinases do?

A

They transfer a phosphate onto hexoses.

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12
Q

what is the first reaction in glycolysis?

A

glucose + ATP using a hexokinase to get glucose 6 phosphate and ADP and H+

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13
Q

Is the first reaction in glycolysis heavily favored or not favored?

A

Yes, it is because ATP -> ADP is highly favored because its unstable. And because ATP is a high energy organophosphate

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14
Q

What type of organophosphates are sugars?

A

They are low energy organophosphates

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15
Q

What’s the delta G for the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

7.3 kilocalories/mole

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16
Q

Why is the C6 stage called the investment stage?

A

Because we spend 2 molecule of ATP.*

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17
Q

Why is the first investment of ATP worthwhile ?

A

Because the glute transporter is passive.

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18
Q

the glute transporter is an example of

A

a passive transporter

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19
Q

what does the glute transporter do for glycolysis?

A

The glucose that leaks into the cell can also leak outside of the cell.

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20
Q

Hexokinase phosphorylating it does what ?

A

it traps it into the cell because glucose 6 phosphate cant go through the glute transporter

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21
Q

After the 1st investment in glycolysis what is next?

A

an isomerase reaction

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22
Q

what are isomerases?

A

enzymes that catalyze the making of one isomer to another

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23
Q

what is the delta G for an isomerization?

A

near 0

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24
Q

what is the isomerase reaction?

A

takes glucose 6 phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate using an isomerase

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25
Q

what is the committed step in glycolysis?

A

fructose 6 phosphat spending a ATP using PFK 1 to get fructose 1,6 bisphosphate and ADP and H

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26
Q

is the committed step a favorable reaction?

A

yes, because it goes from high energy ATP to 2 low energy phosphoester bonds

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27
Q

is the committed step another investment?

A

yes you spent the second molecule of ATP

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28
Q

why is the second molecule of ATP worthwhile to invest?

A

because you cut the 6 carbon into quantity 2 3 carbon compounds

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29
Q

what is the committed step enzyme of glycolysis?

A

PFK-1
phosphofructoskinase 1

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30
Q

What are the inputs of glycolysis?

A
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31
Q

What are the outputs of glycolysis?

A
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32
Q

How is glycolysis regulated?

A
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33
Q

What are the two parts of the splitting stage of glycolysis?

A

splitting and interconversion reactions

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34
Q

Explain the splitting stage.

A

take fructose 1,6 bishophaste and split it into quantity 2 3 carbon sugars dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (GAP)

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35
Q

how are DHAP and GAP related to each other?

A

they are isomers of each other.

36
Q

what interconverts DHAP into GAP? and what is the delta g of this reaction?

A

an isomerase, near zero

37
Q

how many GAP molecules do you get 1 per glucose molecule?

A

2 GAP molecules

38
Q

The last stage of glycolysis is called the what?

A

c3 stage or harvesting stage

39
Q

what does the C3 stage include?

A

the glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase reaction (GAP DH) producing NADH

40
Q

is NADH energy currency? if so what is NADH?

A

no thats ATP but it can be converted into ATP

it is a high energy electron carrier

41
Q

what is our first yield in glycolysis?

A

1 NADH in the C3 harvesting stage

42
Q

what are we harvesting in the C3 stage?

A

NADH
2 molecules of ATP

43
Q

how many ATP to we get at the end of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

44
Q

Why is GAPDH so important?

A
  1. because what it does is very unique
  2. and its the first of many similar enzymes (that are in the Rossmann fold family of enzymes)
45
Q

what makes someone a Rossmann fold family member?

A

has the saddle (a alpha helix in the center and two binding sites on the side most often adenosine and niacin)

46
Q

whats the role of NAD? and involved in what kind of reactions?

A

a high energy electron carrier

redox reactions

47
Q

almost all rossmann fold family members are what kind of enzymes?

A

redox enzymes

48
Q

is redox important in energy metabolism?

A

yes probably the single most important

49
Q

why is GAP DH called GAP DH?

A

its substrate is GAP and a dehydrogenase it takes off a hydrogen (not dehydration, not taking off waters)

50
Q

redox takes off?

A

electrons

51
Q

dehydrogenases are redox _______?

A

catalysts

52
Q

What Rossman fold family member is NAD dependent?

A

GAP DH

53
Q

Why is GAP DH different from other Rossman fold family members?

A

It couples two reactions: phosphorylation and oxidation (1/2 reaction the other 1/2 is a reduction)

54
Q

What does the other 1/2 reaction of the reduction piece do in the NAD DH reaction?

A

it reduces NAD+ to NADH

55
Q

what is the first harvest in the glycolysis pathway?

A

NADH (from the reduction step)

56
Q

GAP DH is not just a dehydrogenase but it is also a…..

A

phosphorylase (because it attaches an inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule)

57
Q

Are thioesters high or low energy?

A

They are high energy

58
Q

Is GAP DH a member of the Rossmann fold family?

A

Yes, it is NAD dependent

59
Q

What does the GAP DH step do?

A

makes bisphosphate dehydrogenase

60
Q

what are the two labels for GAP DH?

A

dehydrogenase and phosphorylase (because it atatches an inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule

61
Q

How is GAP DH similar and unique to other enzymes?

A

similar: rossmann fold family member
unique: it couples two reactions (phosphorylation and the redox reaction) and forms an acyl phosphate (which has a carboxylic ester bond which makes it high energy)

62
Q

What are the two reactions that GAP DH couple?

A

phosphorylation of the carboxylic group and a redox reaction which is 1/2 an oxidation and the other 1/2 a reduction from NAD+ to NADH

63
Q

what is our first harvest?

A

NADH

64
Q

Which step does our first NADH come from?

A

GAP DH specifically the reduction reaction NAD+ to NADH

65
Q

If the two reactions that are coupled by GAP DH were seperated what would happen?

A

separated it would not happen spontaneously and the redox reaction is very favorable and the phosphorylation would be unfavorable

66
Q

what is the importance of the coupling of reactions? why does it happen?

A

so that it is spontaneous and because the phosphorylation is highly favorable.

67
Q

what does the C3 stage produce?

A

ATP and pyruvate

68
Q

what reaction happens after the GAP DH step? What is the Delta G for the reaction and what does that tell us about the reaction? And what is unique about this reaction?

A

1,3 bishophoglycerate and ADP gets you 3 phosphoglycerate and ATP

delta G is close to 0 (reversible)

it is done twice, so we break even and get two ATP out of this reaction per glucose molecule

69
Q

what reaction is after PEP?

A

PEP and ADP —> pyruvate and ATP using the 2nd kinase in the C3 stage

70
Q

what are the next two steps after making 3 phosphoglycerate?

A

3 phosphoglycerate —> 2 phocphoglycerate
2 phosphoglycerate —> phosphoenolpyruvate

71
Q

What is unique about PEP?

A

it has the highest energy of any organophosphate

72
Q

where does the phosphate come from in PEP?

A

the phosphate comes from the enol bond to take ADP to ATP

73
Q

what do kinases do?

A

they take a high energy phospho ester and transfer it to a phosphate on ADP to make ATP

74
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79
Q
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80
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81
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82
Q
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83
Q
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BIOL 3600 (12 decks)

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