Chapter 1- Overview

Question 1

Biochemistry has what because of evolution?

Answer 1

Unity

Question 2

What is biological conservation?

Answer 2

When distantly related proteins, cells, parts of organisms are very similar due to the efficacy of it over many generations

Question 3

Where was most of the pathways discovered first? And what does that show us?

Answer 3

In Bacteria and it shows us the relationship between us and bacteria

Question 4

Biology uses mainly _____ elements plus ______ salts

Answer 4

6 elements and inorganic

Question 5

What are the elements of Biology?

Answer 5

CHON P.S. (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Sulfur)

Question 6

What is the most important biological compound?

Answer 6

Water

Question 6

What percentage in the human body of each element (mass wise)?

Answer 6

65% O
18% C
10% H

Question 7

Why is water the most important biological compound?

Answer 7

1. 60-80% of our mass
2. Solvent
   3.Participant in reactions

Question 8

All Biochemical structure is based off of not being soluble in …

Answer 8

H2O

Question 9

Do we gain more water or lose more water throughout our lifetime?

Answer 9

We lose more water throughout our lifetime which means we dry out throughout life

Question 10

Biochemistry consists of _____ classes of organic compounds. And what are they?

Answer 10

5 and they are Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids and Proteins, Small organic molecules (like vitamins and alkaloids)

Question 11

DNA provides an example of how structure…

Answer 11

determines function

Question 12

DNA is _____________ stranded

Answer 12

double

Question 13

What is the basic structure of a nucleic acid?

Answer 13

Base, sugar, phosphate

Question 14

DNA is a linear ______________ of different _____

Answer 14

polymer
bases

Question 15

What are the 2 main functions of DNA?

Answer 15

1. to serve as the repository of the genetic information
2. to serve as the basis for the reproduction of that information (base pairing is crucial for this)

Question 16

The hydrogen donor is typically attached to …

Answer 16

N, O, Cl

Question 16

What kind of bonds are involved in DNA?

Answer 16

hydrogen bonds

Question 17

The hydrogen acceptor is either a ….

Answer 17

O or N

Question 18

What kind of interactions is very strong among DNA?

Answer 18

dipole-dipole interactions (10x as strong)

Question 19

Important biochemical interactions include…

Answer 19

1. electrostatic interactions (10 strong)
2. hydrogen bonds
3. hydrophobic interactions (10x weaker)

Question 20

What are three characteristics of electrostatic interactions?

Answer 20

1. between full electrical charges
2. attracts or repels
3. is weak in aqueous solution because it competes with water

Question 21

Hydrogen bonds are 10x…

Answer 21

weaker than electrostatic interactions

Question 22

Hydrophobic interactions are 10x….

Answer 22

weaker than dipole interactions.

Question 23

What is to be said about the hydrophobic interactions length of time?

Answer 23

They are short lived induced. They only are very effective in a small window of time.

Question 24

Hydrophobic interactions are also known as ?

Answer 24

Van der Waal’s interactions

Question 25

Why are hydrophobic interactions considered not a real “force”?

Answer 25

Because they are excluded from aqueous environments they are “forced” to come together (Forrest Gump)

Question 26

Does DNA have hydrophobic interactions?

Answer 26

Yes, it creates the opportunity for base pairs to come together.

Question 27

Is DNA completely soluble in H2O?

Answer 27

No. Parts of DNA is not soluble in H2O.

Question 28

What are two important types of reactions in biochemistry?

Answer 28

1. Redox reactions
2. Acid- Base reactions

Question 29

Can there be partial acidic and basic parts on a molecule?

Answer 29

Yes there are certain moieties that can be acidic and others that can be basic. within the same molecule.

Question 30

All acid base chemistry in biochemistry happens in what solvent?

Answer 30

Water

Question 31

What is the Bronsted Lowry theory?

Answer 31

Proton donor is acidic.
Proton acceptor is basic.

Question 32

Moieties have to be…

Answer 32

connected

Question 33

pH measures what?

Answer 33

the acidity and basicity of an environment

Question 34

pKa measures what?

Answer 34

the acidity and basicity of a moiety

Question 35

low pH or low pKa is more basic or acidic?

Answer 35

acidic (closer to zero)

Question 36

high pH or high pKa is more basic or acidic?

Answer 36

basic (closer to 14)

Question 37

Can you have different pKa on an individual compound?

Answer 37

Yes, a pKa can be different on different moities

Question 38

A moiety is _________ when the pH is lower than its pKa.

Answer 38

protonated

Question 39

A moiety is ______ when the pH is higher than its pKa.

Answer 39

un-protonated

Question 40

What is biological pH? And why do we know that number?

Answer 40

7.5 because that’s what it is in the cytoplasm and extracellular space in our cells

Question 41

pH determines

Answer 41

charge

Question 42

A buffer does what to a solution?

Answer 42

Maintains a pH in a more narrow window

Question 43

Modern biochemistry includes ___________ based as well as ____________ _________methods.

Answer 43

discovery based
hypothesis driven

Question 44

What is the steps in the scientific method?

Answer 44

Observe, hypothesize, predict, experiment, reevaluate hypothesis (rinse and repeat)

Question 45

Hypothesis driven is limited by ____________

Answer 45

us

Question 46

Discovery based science gathers _____________

Answer 46

data and makes observations with no hypothesis already in mind