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Biochemistry > Chapter 16: Glycolysis > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Where does galactose enter the glycolytic pathway?

A

Galactose is converted in the liver to Glucose-6-phosphate

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2
Q

Fructose metabolism

A

Fructose is converted to fructose‑6‑phosphate in most tissues

Is converted to fructose‑1‑phosphate in the liver by the enzyme fructokinase

Fructose‑1‑phosphate is then cleaved by fructose‑1‑phoshate aldolase into DHAP and G3P

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3
Q

Glycolysis

Energy investment phase intermediates

A

Intermediates

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  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose 6-phosphate
  3. Fructose 6-phosphate
  4. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
  5. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
    • Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
    • DHAP converts to second molecule of G3P
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4
Q

Glycolysis

Energy investment phase enzymes

A

Enzymes

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  1. Hexokinase
  2. Phosphoglucoisomerase
  3. Phosphofructokinase
  4. Aldolase
  5. Triose phosphate isomerase
  • Converts DHAP to G3P
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5
Q

Glycolysis

Energy payoff phase intermediates

A

Intermediates

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  1. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
  2. 3-Phosphoglycerate (PG)
  3. 2-Phosphoglycerate (PG)
  4. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
  5. Pyruvate
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6
Q

Glycolysis

Energy payoff phase enzymes

A

Enzymes

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  1. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  2. Phosphoglycerokinase
  3. Phosphoglyceromutase
  4. Enolase
  5. Pyruvate kinase
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7
Q

Glycolysis

All enzymes

A

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  1. Hexokinase
  2. Phosphoglucoisomerase
  3. Phosphofructokinase
  4. Aldolase
  5. Triose phosphate isomerase
  6. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  7. Phosphoglycerokinase
  8. Phosphoglyceromutase
  9. Enolase
  10. Pyruvate kinase
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8
Q

Glycolysis

All intermediates

A

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  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose 6-phosphate
  3. Fructose 6-phosphate
  4. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
  5. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
    • Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
    • DHAP converts to second molecule of G3P
  6. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
  7. 3-Phosphoglycerate (PG)
  8. 2-Phosphoglycerate (PG)
  9. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
  10. Pyruvate
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9
Q

Step 1 of glycolysis

A

Hexokinases transfers a phosphoryl group to carbon-6 utilizing one ATP

Traps glucose WITHIN the cell

IRREVERSIBLE

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10
Q

Step 2 of glycolysis

A

Phosphoglucose isomerase isomerizes glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate

Converts an aldose to a ketose

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11
Q

Step 3 of glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase transfers a phosphoryl group to carbon-1 utilizing one ATP

IRREVERSIBLE

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12
Q

Step 4 of glycolysis

A

Aldolase performs a reverse aldol reaction that cleaves fructose-6-phosphate into DHAP and G3P

Generates an aldehyde and ketone

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13
Q

Step 5 of glycolysis

A

Triose phosphate isomerase isomerizes DHAP to a second molecule of G3P

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14
Q

Step 6 of glycolysis

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase oxidizes G3P via the addition of a phosphate group to carbon-1 forming 1,3-BPG

NAD+ gets reduced which produces one molecule of NADH

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15
Q

Step 7 of glycolysis

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase transfers the phosphoryl group on carbon-1 to ADP

Forms one molecule of ATP from each 1,3-BPG; total two ATP per each glucose molecule

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16
Q

Step 8 of glycolysis

A

Phosphoglycerate mutase moves the phosphoryl group from carbon-3 of 3-PG to carbon-2 forming 2-PG

17
Q

Step 9 of glycolysis

A

Enolase performs a dehydration elimination reaction

Generates a resonance stabilized phosphoenolpyruvate molecule

18
Q

Step 10 of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate kinase transfers phosphoryl group to ADP

Forms one molecule of ATP from each phosphoenopyruvate; total two ATP per each glucose molecule

IRREVERSIBLE

19
Q

Phosphofructokinase regulation

A

Inhibited by an over-accumulation of ATP

Stimulated by high ratio of AMP:ATP

Most important control mechanism of glycolytic pathway

20
Q

Hexokinase regulation

A

Inhibited by an over-accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate

21
Q

Pyruvate kinase regulation

A

Inhibited by an over-accumulation of ATP

Stimulated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in a feed-forward mechanism

22
Q

Glucose transporters in the liver and pancreatic β cells

A

GLUT2

Highest Km of all glucose transportes at 15−20mM to remove excess glucose from the blood

23
Q

Glucose transporters in muscle and fat cells

A

GLUT4

Relatively low Km of 5mM to ensure adequate uptake of glucose

24
Q

Warburg effect

A

Rapidly growing tumors obtain ATP by metabolizing glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen, a process termed aerobic glycolysis

25
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Reverse process to glycolysis

Bypasses irreversible steps Gly-1, Gly-3, & Gly-10

Gly-10

  • Pyruvate carboxylase (PC)
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)

Gly-3

  • Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase)

Gly-1

  • Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase)
26
Q

Step 1 of gluconeogenesis

A

Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) uses ATP to make oxaloacetate from pyruvate

Occurs in the mitochondiral matrix; oxaloacetate is subsequentally transported out of the mitochondria to the cytoplasm

27
Q

Step 2 of gluconeogeneisis

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) transfers a phosphate to oxaloacetate to form phosphoenolpyruvate

28
Q

Step 9 of gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose-1,6-phosphatase (FBPase) removes a phosphate from fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to form fructose-6-phospate

Stimulate by glucagon and an increase in ATP

Inhibited by insulin and an increase in AMP

29
Q

Step 11 of gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose 6-phosphate is transported into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum

Glucose-6-phosphatase dephosphorylates glucose-6-phosphate to glucose

G6Pase is an integral membrane protein on the inner surface of the endoplasmic reticulum

30
Q

Hypoglycemic response

A

Glucagon stimulates PKA

FBPase is activated to stimulate gluconeogenesis

Glycolysis is inhibited

31
Q

Hyperglycemic response

A

Insulin stimulates phosphoprotein phosphatase

Phosphofructokinase is activated which stimulates glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis is inhibited

32
Q

Process to catabolize lactic acid

A

Cori cycle- when muscles are under anaerobic conditions and produce lactate, it can be transported to the liver and used in gluconeogenesis

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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