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Human physiology PT > chapter 16- Exam 2 > Flashcards

chapter 16- Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the importance of microciruculation

A
  • Important in the transport of nutrients to tissues

* Site of waste product removal

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2
Q

what are arterioles

A

Small precapillary resistance vessels (10-15μ) composed of an endothelium surrounded by one or more layers of smooth muscle cells

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3
Q

what are the arterioles rich in

A

Richly innervated by sympathetic adrenergic fibers → vasoconstrict

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4
Q

what do the arterioles regulate

A

systemic vascular resistance

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5
Q

what are terminal arterioles

A

metarterioles

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6
Q

what is a metarterioles

A

precapillary sphincter can be found here

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7
Q

what are precapillary sphincter

A

no muscular coat, but smooth muscle fibers encircle the vessel at intermittent points

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8
Q

what is a capillary

A

Composed of single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane

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9
Q

how big are capillaries

A

Diameter of capillaries is 4-9 microns

—-Rbc ~6-8 microns

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10
Q

how does soulte and water move acorss capillaries

A

intercellular cleft

plasmalemmal vesicesl

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11
Q

what is an intercellular cleft

A

space between cells

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12
Q

how do substances transfer across membranes

A

diffusion

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13
Q

what is diffusion

A

Most important means by which substances are transferred between plasma and interstitial fluid

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14
Q

what is lipid solubel

A

substances diffuse directly through cell membrane of capillaries (I.E.CO2, O2)

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15
Q

what is lipid insoluble

A

substances such as H2O, Na, Cl, glucose cross capillary walls via intercellular clefts

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16
Q

what enhances diffusion across capllaires

A

differences across capillary enhances

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17
Q

how do water soluble and non lipid soluble move in the body

A

through the pores

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18
Q

what is the width of capillary intecellular slits

A

is 6 to 7 nanometers

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19
Q

what is the permeability of capillarys pores

A

for different substance it will vary according to their molecular diameters
***** capillaries in different tissues have difference in their permeability

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20
Q

what help determine the permeability

A

the capillary form!!

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21
Q

what are some types of capillaires

A

Continuous
Fenestrated - kidney
Discontinuous - liver

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22
Q

what is the most common capillary tissue

A

continuous

– muscle, skin, lung, connective and nervous tissue

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23
Q

what does BM mean abbreviation

A

Basement membrane (BM)

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24
Q

what does ICJ mean abbreviation

A

Intercellular junction (ICJ)

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25
Q

what does V mean abbreviation

A

Vesicles (V)

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26
Q

what does OF mean abbreviation

A

Open fenestrae (OF)

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27
Q

what does DF mean abbreviation

A

Diaphragmmed fenestrae (DF)

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28
Q

what does G mean abbreviation

A

Gap (G)

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29
Q

what is continous tissue

A

Endothelial cells are continuous, and only allow small substances like water and ions to diffuse through intercellular clefts

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30
Q

what is fenestrated tissue

A

some have diaphragms – allow small substances and limited protein
Some with no diaphragms – slit pores (kidney)

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31
Q

what is discontinuous tissue

A

**found in the live
***also called sinusoid
large openings

32
Q

what do pores have in different organs

A

they will have special characteristics to meet the peculiar need of the organ

33
Q

what are liver pores ( pore characteristics )

A

Large openings so almost all dissolved substances of the plasma, including the plasma proteins, can pass from the blood into liver

34
Q

what are gastrointestinal pores ( pore characteristics )

A

Midway between those of the muscles and those of the liver

35
Q

what are glomerular pores ( pore characteristics )

A
  • Numerous small oval windows called fenestrae
  • **Allow large amounts of very small molecular and ionic substances
  • *****But not large molecules of the plasma proteins

-To filter through the glomeruli

36
Q

what is an example of filtration

A

the kidney

37
Q

what is the 1st step of kidney filtration

A

First, filtered substance passes through fenestra in the capillary endothelium (red)

38
Q

what is the 2nd step of kidney of filtration

A

Next, pass across the glomerular basement membrane (tan)

  • *****BM has collagen fibrils and other structural proteins
  • ****This creates small pores that exclude based onsize
39
Q

what is the last step of kidney filtration

A

Finally, pass through thefiltration slits (blue and green)

40
Q

where does substances go when they move from the capillareis

A

then they enter the interstitium then the cel

41
Q

what is the interstitium

A

the space between the cells

42
Q

what is interstital fluid

A

fluid in the space between the cells

43
Q

what are two major types of solid structures in interstitium

A

collagen fibers

proteoglycan filaments

44
Q

what is Proteoglycan filaments

A

—coiled molecules composed of hyaluronic acid

—-Highly Polar – so they attract water

45
Q

what does the fluid look like in the interstitium

A

in the form of gell ( fluid proteoglycan mixtures and there is very little free fluid under normal conditions

46
Q

what is movment across the capillary determined by!!

A

balance of the forces

47
Q

look at slide

A

14– there is some other forces

48
Q

look at slide

A

15!!

need to know this pic and the equation

49
Q

what is capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

Pc

tends to force fluid outward through the capillary membrane

50
Q

what creates ↑ Pc

A

↓arteriole resistance

↑venous pressure

51
Q

what is flow equal to

A

pressure / resistance

52
Q

what is Interstitial fluid pressure

A

(Pif)-

opposes filtration when value is positive

53
Q

what is Plasma colloid osmotic pressure

A

opposes filtration causing osmosis of water inward through the membrane

54
Q

what is Interstitial fluid colloid pressure

A
  • promotes filtration by causing osmosis of fluid outward through the membrane
55
Q

what is the net fluid movement across the capillary equation

A

NFP = ([Pc – Pif] – [Πc – Πif])

56
Q

what do the capillary hydrostatic pressure number looks like NORMAL

A

17mmgh ( lower numbers)

57
Q

what do the Interstitial fluid pressure numbers look like NORMAL

A

in most tissues is -3 (Encapsulated organs have positive interstitial pressures (+5 to +10 mmHg))

58
Q

what does a negative interstitial fluid pressure mean

A

is caused by pumping of lymphatic system

59
Q

what Colloid osmotic pressure is caused by

A

presence of large proteins

60
Q

what are proteins

A

they are colloids

–Microscopic insoluble particles dispersed in the solvent (plasma, interstitial fluid)

61
Q

what is the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure numbers look like NORMAL

A

is about 8 mmhg

62
Q

what is the plasma colloid osmotic pressure numbers look like NORMAL

A

about 28 mmhg

63
Q

what is the osmotic pressure inside the capillary principally determined by

A

plasma proteins that are relatively impermeable

64
Q

what is colloid

A

particle dispersed in a liquid

65
Q

what is colloid osmotic pressure made up of

A

75%- albumin

25%- golbulins

66
Q

how much of the filtered fluid is reabosrbed on the venous end

A

90%

67
Q

how much of the filtered fluid is returned to circulation via lymphatics

A

10%

68
Q

go to slide

A

28-33 to look at equations

69
Q

what is an accessory route for proteins

A

lymphatic

** a place were the proteins form the interstitial space can to back to the blood

70
Q

what is important in preventing edem

A

lymphatic

71
Q

where can the lymphatics be found

A

which takes lymph that is derived form interstitital fluid to flows in to the lymphatics

72
Q

how does the lymphatic help the GI Tract

A

major route for absorption of nutrients

73
Q

is the lympth part of immune system

A

yes

74
Q

how does the lymphatics work as a pump

A

=Smooth muscle filaments in lymph vessel cause them to contract

=External compression also contributes to lymphatic pumping

75
Q

look at slide

A

36 at the graphs

Human physiology PT (12 decks)

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