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Human physiology PT > chapter 14- Exam 2 > Flashcards

chapter 14- Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the circulatory system do

A

Transporting nutrients to the tissues

Transporting waste products away from the tissues

Transporting hormones

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2
Q

what are the arterial walls like and what do they do

A

they have strong walls and transport blood under high pressure

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3
Q

what are the arterioles wall like and what do they do

A

have muscular walls that can completely relax/dilate altering blood flow in each tissue in response to its needs

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4
Q

what controls blood into the capillaries

A

arterioles

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5
Q

what do the capillaires do

A

exchange fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid

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6
Q

what are the capillary walls like and what do they do

A

walls are very thin with numerous minute capillary pores permeable to water and other small molecular substances

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7
Q

what are the venules

A

venules receive blood from capillaries and gradually become progressively larger veins to transport blood back to the heart and serve as a major reservoir of blood

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8
Q

what is the venous systems walls like

A

Because the pressure in the venous system is very low, the venous walls are thin, but muscular enough to contract or expand and act as a controllable reservoir

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9
Q

what happens to the volume of blood in a closed system

A

the fixed volume of blood in various areas change with demand

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10
Q

what percent of the entire blood volume is in the systemic circulation

A

84%

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11
Q

how does the 84% of the blood volume in the systemic circulation get divided up

A 
64- in veins
13 in arteres
7 -systemic arterioles + caps
7 in the heart 
9 in pulmonary circulation
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12
Q

what have a larger cross sectional area

veins or arteries

A

veins

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13
Q

what are the cross sectional areas of the systemic system

A 
Aorta	= 2.5
Small Arterioles = 20
Arterioles =40
Capillaries=	2500	
Venules	=250
Small Veins	=80
Venae Cavae =8
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14
Q

what is hemodynamics

A

the physical factors that govern blood flow

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15
Q

what is similar to Ohms law in electricity

A

flow of fluid is proportional to the drive force (pressure) through a resistance

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16
Q

what is velocity of BF

A

is the speed at which blood flows in the circulation (mm/sec)

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17
Q

what happens to the velocity with the fixed volume of blood

A

Velocity of blood flow is inversely proportional to the vascular cross-sectional area

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18
Q

what is the equation of the velocity of blood flow

A

velocity or BF= BF/ cross sectional area

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19
Q

what are the units of flow

A

cm^3/ min

**1 ml = 1 cm^3

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20
Q

what are the units of velocity

A

cm/ min

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21
Q

what are the units of cross secitonal area

A

cm^2

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22
Q

at rest with a relatively constant flow what are the velocity

A

Aorta 33cm/sec
> Arterioles
> Small veins
> Capillaries 0.3 cm/sec

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23
Q

what is flow equal too

A

velocity x Area

24
Q

how do you keep flow constant

A

as area decreases ( means velocity increases )

25
Q

what is pressure equal

A

force/ area

26
Q

where is high pressure found

A

in the arterial tree

27
Q

where is low pressure

A

in the venous side of the circulation

28
Q

what happens with large pressures in the arteriolar capillary jx

A

it willldrop across

29
Q

how is blood flow controlled to tissues

A

blood flow is controlled in relation to tissue needs

30
Q

how is Q controlled to tissues

A

Q is mainly controlled by local tissue flow

31
Q

how is arterial pressure control to tissue

A

arterial pressure is controlled independent of either local blood flow control or Q control

32
Q

when tissue is active what will happen to blood flow

A

it can increase as much as 20 to 30 times the resting level

33
Q

how can Q increase

A

the heart cant increase Q greater than 4 to 7 time resting level

– 5 L/min at rest to 35 L/min in high level athletes So not possible to increase blood flow everywhere in the body.

34
Q

what do the microvessel do

A

they continuously monitor tissue needs, dilating or constricting, to control local blood flow precisely to that level required for the tissue activity.

35
Q

what are some other things that help the vessels in controlling blood flow

A

Central nervous system and hormones provide additional help in controlling tissue blood flow.

36
Q

how is Q controlled

A

mainly controlled by the sum of all local tissue flow

—For example: Exercise → ↑ VR → ↑ Cardiac Output

—CO increases to meet the increasing needs of increasing metabolic tissue

37
Q

how is arterial pressure controlled

A

this is controlled independent of either local blood flow control or cardiac output control

38
Q

go to slide 17

A

read about the arterial pressure and how the body handled it

39
Q

what does Q =

A

change in Pressure over resistance

40
Q

what is flow

A

through a blood vessel is determined by Q

  1. the pressure difference between the two ends of the vessels ( arterial - venous )

2 resistance of the vessel

41
Q

what is blood flow

A

quantity of blood that passes a given point in the circulation in a given period of time

42
Q

what is unit of blood flow

A

usually expressed as milliliters (ml) or Liters (L) per minute

43
Q

what is Q

A

Overall flow in the circulation of an adult ~5 liters/min

44
Q

what is laminar flow

A

Blood usually flows in streamline fashion with each layer of blood remaining the same distance from the wall, this type of flow is called laminar flow

45
Q

what happens with laminar flow occurs

A

the velocity of blood in the center of the vessel is greater than (2x greater) that toward the outer edge creating a parabolic profile

46
Q

what are some causes of turbulent blood flow

A
  • High velocities
  • Sharp turns in the circulation
  • Rough surfaces in the circulation
  • Rapid narrowing of blood vessels
47
Q

what will you hear with laminar flow

A

is it silent

48
Q

what will you hear with turbulent flow

A

it tends to cause vascular murmurs

49
Q

why are murmurs important

A

they help with diagnosing vessel stenosis, vessel shunt, and cardiac valvular lesions

50
Q

what is reynolds number

A

a dimensionless quantity used to predict flow patterns

51
Q

what is the reynolds number equation

A

ssel diameter D x mean velocity v x density ρ divided by viscosity η

52
Q

when does turbulence occur

A
  • With a large diameter and rapid flow
  • High Velocity
  • Sudden change in vessel diameter
53
Q

what is blood pressure

A

Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of vessel wall

54
Q

what is resistnace

A

Resistance is the impediment to blood flow in a vessel
Δ P = mmHg
Q ml/min
*** read bottom of slide 29 and 32

55
Q

what is conductances

A

Conductance is a measure of the blood flow through a vessel for a given pressure difference

***its ml/min per mmHg

56
Q

what is conductance sensitive to

A

change in diameter of vessels
== The conductance of a vessel increases in proportion to
the fourth power of the radius

57
Q

what is poiseuillie law

A

look at slide 35 for equaiton

Human physiology PT (12 decks)

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