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Microbio 4000 > Chapter 16: Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

loss of T cells prevents B cells from functioning and susceptibility to all pathogens, especially viruses (weak immune system)

A

severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

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2
Q

example of SCID

A

for 12 years, a child lives inside a sterile plastic bubble, unable to touch the skin of another human being

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3
Q

any molecule that will elicit an immune response when introduced into a person

A

antigens

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4
Q

antigen that can elicit the production of antibodies

A

immunogens

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5
Q

can elicit an immune response within antigens

A

epitopes

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6
Q

adaptive immune system pathway

A
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7
Q

macrophages and dendritic cells that show antigen to T cells

A

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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8
Q

APCs place antigens on _______ proteins to present on cell surface

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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9
Q

immunity mediated by antibodies that are secreted by plasma cells (activated B cells), activated by helper T cells

A

humoral immunity

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10
Q

in humoral immunity, helper T cells in the lymph node bind to _______ that have taken up _____________ in the lymph

A

B cells; free-floating antigens

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11
Q

signals for B cells to activate

A

antigen binding to the B cell antigen receptor, and follicular helper T cell interaction with the B cell

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12
Q

cells that belong to humoral immunity

A

plasma and memory cells

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13
Q

immunity mediated by cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), activated by helper T cells

A

cell-mediated immunity

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14
Q

in cell-mediated immunity, helper T cells in the lymph node and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc or CTL) are activated by

A

an antigen

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15
Q

signals for CTL to activate

A

binding to an APC presenting an antigen it recognizes, and cytokines secreted by a similarly-activated Th cell

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16
Q

some activated Th and CTL cells will become

A

memory cells

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17
Q

helper T cells are activated by

A

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

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18
Q

signals needed for B cells to be activated

A

antigen binding to the B cell antigen receptor, follicular helper T cell interaction with the B cell

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19
Q

B cells differentiate to

A

plasma cells and memory cells

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20
Q

function: to remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in future infections

A

memory B cells

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21
Q

function: to be the main cells responsible for humoral immunity

A

plasma cells

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22
Q

proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body

A

antibodies

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23
Q

signals needed for cytotoxic T cells to be activated

A

binding to an APC presenting an antigen it recognizes, cytokines secreted by a similarly-activated Th cell

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24
Q

main role of activated cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)

A

will enter the bloodstream, then tissues to directly kill infected cells

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25
Q

activated B cells (plasma and memory cells) enter the ________, and some will relocate to _______

A

bloodstream; bone marrow

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26
Q

activated CTLs enter the

A

bloodstream

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27
Q

measures how well an antigen elicits an immune response

A

antigenicity/immunogenicity

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28
Q

______ are the most effective antigens because they form a variety of shapes, maintain a 3D shape, and are made of many different amino acid combinations

A

proteins

proteins&raquo_space; carbs > nucleic acids and lipids

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29
Q

the further the antigen structure is from ______, the greater the _______

A

“our self;” immunogenicity

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30
Q

principle that governs how effective vaccines are against different pathogens

A

antigenic specificity

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31
Q

antibody expressed on the cell membrane, each specific for a different antigen

A

B cell receptor (BCR)

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32
Q

cell that has gone through selection in the bone marrow and is ensured to not react to self antigens

A

mature B cell

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33
Q

all B cells in the lymph node are

A

mature

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34
Q

make antibodies to express on the surface as a BCR, has a BCR specific to a different antigen, exist as clones within the lymph node

A

naive B cells

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35
Q

naive B cells do not secrete antibody because

A

they have not yet been activated by encountering their specific antigen

36
Q

process by which specific B cells are activated by antigen

A

clonal selection

37
Q

proliferate in response to encountering a specific antigen, leading to a large population of identical B cells all capable of producing antibodies targeted against the encountered antigen

A

clonal expansion

38
Q

activated B cells undergo clonal expansion, then clones will differentiate into ______ or ______

A

memory B cells; plasma cells

39
Q

secrete antibody

A

plasma cells

40
Q

continue to replicate in the blood

A

memory cells

41
Q

activated B cells leave the lymph node to

A

produce antibody

42
Q

region that is variable between each cell clone and binds to the antigen

A

Fab (antigen-binding)

43
Q

region that interacts with immune cells, each isotype has different effector functions

A

Fc (constant)

44
Q

antibodies bind to bacteria, and the Fc portion of the antibodies binds to receptors on the macrophage surface

A

opsonization (coat)

45
Q

opsonization allows for macrophages to better detect _______ using Fc receptors; allows for larger target and more efficient _______

A

antibodies; phagocytosis

46
Q

serum proteins that attack bacterial cell membranes

A

complement (20 in all)

47
Q

complement assembles into the __________ that forms large pores in bacterial cells

A

membrane attack complex

48
Q

five antibody (immunoglobulin) isotypes

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

49
Q

isotype most abundant in blood and tissue fluids (majority of immunity)

A

IgG

50
Q

isotype secreted in mucosal surfaces (blocks pathogens in mucosa)

A

IgA

51
Q

isotype found in naive B cells and early activation, monomer of BCR

A

IgM

52
Q

isotype found in naive B cells and early after activation, exists as a dimer secreted in mucosal surfaces and protects against pathogens in mucosa

A

IgD

53
Q

isotype important against parasites

A

IgE

54
Q

isotypes found in all naive B cells and early after activation, both serve as B cell receptors (BCRs) on the surface of B cells awaiting activation

A

IgM and IgD

55
Q

all activated B cells use this process to decide their isotype

A

isotype switching

56
Q

isotype that is secreted first in isotype switching

A

IgM

57
Q

isotype that is most prevalent later on in infection after switching

A

IgG

58
Q

allergy is caused by _________ of IgE against an _________ (pollen, nuts, shellfish, pet dander, etc.)

A

abundant production; innocuous antigen

59
Q

antibody response with weaker affinity

A

primary response

60
Q

allows for difference in affinity between primary and secondary response

A

tightness of antibody/antigen binding, higher affinity = tighter antibodies on receptors

61
Q

B cells that continually divide, are maintained for long periods of time, make up 40% of the circulating B cell population

A

memory cells

62
Q

B cells that die within 3 months

A

plasma cells

63
Q

the secondary response initiates _____ than the primary response because of

A

faster; the generation of memory cells and having been in contact with the antigen prior - skips step of activating/generating memory cells

64
Q

class expressed on ALL CELLS, displays intracellular antigens, interacts with natural killer cells and CTLs

A

MHC I

65
Q

class expressed on APCs, displays extracellular antigens, interacts with helper T cells

A

MHC II

66
Q

MHC I and II are both made in the

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

67
Q

T cells can only recognize antigen when

A

bound to MHC

68
Q

antigens loaded in the ER, transported to the cell membrane

A

MHC I

69
Q

blocks antigen loading in the ER, so it can load antigens by fusing with phagolysosomes, transported to the cell membrane

A

MHC II

70
Q

each naive T cell has a unique T cell receptor (TCR) that recognizes a specific

A

MHC-antigen complex

71
Q

immature and mature B and T cells refer to if they have undergone _______ to screen for self-reactivity

A

selection

72
Q

all T and B cells in the _______ will be mature AND naive

A

lymph node

73
Q

expressed by helper T cells, helps TCR bind MHC II/antigen complexes

A

CD4

74
Q

expressed by cytotoxic T cells, helps TCR bind to MHC I/antigen complexes

A

CD8

75
Q

signals for CD4+ helper T cells to activate

these signals can also activate CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, but need helper T cells to secrete ________ to prompt it to replicate to large numbers

A

signal 1: APC expressing MHC-antigen that interacts with the T cell
signal 2: transmitted by APC if it has been activated by PAMPs via its pattern recognition receptors since it traveled to the lymph node;

cytokines

76
Q

B and T cells need __________ to activate against a specific antigen to ensure that antigen is coming from a pathogen ______________ the host. without these checkpoints, activation against self-antigens is ________, leading to autoimmunity

A

multiple signals; actively infecting; more likely

77
Q

immature T cells enter the thymus to select those that

A

DO NOT recognize our own self antigens

78
Q

thymus cells express _________ in the human genome, and APCs present them to T cells via MHC I and II

A

every gene

79
Q

signal 1: cytotoxic T cells in the lymph node will interact with ________/antigen complex on APC using the TCR and ______

A

MHC I; CD8

80
Q

signal 2: active APCs will express _____, which is recognized by T cell _______, further activating T cell

A

B7; CD28

81
Q

signal 3: rapidly _______, active helper T cells will secrete the cytokine _______ fully activating the cytotoxic T cell

A

dividing; IL-2

82
Q

the cytotoxic T cell travels to the ____________ to kill host cells expressing MHC I/foreign antigen (effector function)

A

site of infection

83
Q

CTLs only kill cells that are expressing ______ loaded with _________ that the T cell receptor recognizes

A

MHC I; foreign antigen

84
Q

the CTL releases _______ (makes pore in cell) and _______ (enter the pore)

A

perforin; granzymes

85
Q

granzyme entry leads to _______ (clean way to die)

A

apoptosis

86
Q

NK cells recognize a lack of MHC I expression, but don’t care what _______ is loaded to it - less specific than CTL killing

A

antigen

Microbio 4000 (4 decks)

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