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Microbio 4000 > Chapter 16: Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

loss of T cells prevents B cells from functioning and susceptibility to all pathogens, especially viruses (weak immune system)

A

severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

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2
Q

example of SCID

A

for 12 years, a child lives inside a sterile plastic bubble, unable to touch the skin of another human being

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3
Q

any molecule that will elicit an immune response when introduced into a person

A

antigens

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4
Q

antigen that can elicit the production of antibodies

A

immunogens

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5
Q

can elicit an immune response within antigens

A

epitopes

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6
Q

adaptive immune system pathway

A
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7
Q

macrophages and dendritic cells that show antigen to T cells

A

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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8
Q

APCs place antigens on _______ proteins to present on cell surface

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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9
Q

immunity mediated by antibodies that are secreted by plasma cells (activated B cells), activated by helper T cells

A

humoral immunity

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10
Q

in humoral immunity, helper T cells in the lymph node bind to _______ that have taken up _____________ in the lymph

A

B cells; free-floating antigens

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11
Q

signals for B cells to activate

A

antigen binding to the B cell antigen receptor, and follicular helper T cell interaction with the B cell

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12
Q

cells that belong to humoral immunity

A

plasma and memory cells

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13
Q

immunity mediated by cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), activated by helper T cells

A

cell-mediated immunity

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14
Q

in cell-mediated immunity, helper T cells in the lymph node and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc or CTL) are activated by

A

an antigen

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15
Q

signals for CTL to activate

A

binding to an APC presenting an antigen it recognizes, and cytokines secreted by a similarly-activated Th cell

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16
Q

some activated Th and CTL cells will become

A

memory cells

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17
Q

helper T cells are activated by

A

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

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18
Q

signals needed for B cells to be activated

A

antigen binding to the B cell antigen receptor, follicular helper T cell interaction with the B cell

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19
Q

B cells differentiate to

A

plasma cells and memory cells

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20
Q

function: to remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in future infections

A

memory B cells

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21
Q

function: to be the main cells responsible for humoral immunity

A

plasma cells

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22
Q

proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body

A

antibodies

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23
Q

signals needed for cytotoxic T cells to be activated

A

binding to an APC presenting an antigen it recognizes, cytokines secreted by a similarly-activated Th cell

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24
Q

main role of activated cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)

A

will enter the bloodstream, then tissues to directly kill infected cells

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25
activated B cells (plasma and memory cells) enter the ________, and some will relocate to _______
bloodstream; bone marrow
26
activated CTLs enter the
bloodstream
27
measures how well an antigen elicits an immune response
antigenicity/immunogenicity
28
______ are the most effective antigens because they form a variety of shapes, maintain a 3D shape, and are made of many different amino acid combinations
proteins proteins >> carbs > nucleic acids and lipids
29
the further the antigen structure is from ______, the greater the _______
"our self;" immunogenicity
30
principle that governs how effective vaccines are against different pathogens
antigenic specificity
31
antibody expressed on the cell membrane, each specific for a different antigen
B cell receptor (BCR)
32
cell that has gone through selection in the bone marrow and is ensured to not react to self antigens
mature B cell
33
all B cells in the lymph node are
mature
34
make antibodies to express on the surface as a BCR, has a BCR specific to a different antigen, exist as clones within the lymph node
naive B cells
35
naive B cells do not secrete antibody because
they have not yet been activated by encountering their specific antigen
36
process by which specific B cells are activated by antigen
clonal selection
37
proliferate in response to encountering a specific antigen, leading to a large population of identical B cells all capable of producing antibodies targeted against the encountered antigen
clonal expansion
38
activated B cells undergo clonal expansion, then clones will differentiate into ______ or ______
memory B cells; plasma cells
39
secrete antibody
plasma cells
40
continue to replicate in the blood
memory cells
41
activated B cells leave the lymph node to
produce antibody
42
region that is variable between each cell clone and binds to the antigen
Fab (antigen-binding)
43
region that interacts with immune cells, each isotype has different effector functions
Fc (constant)
44
antibodies bind to bacteria, and the Fc portion of the antibodies binds to receptors on the macrophage surface
opsonization (coat)
45
opsonization allows for macrophages to better detect _______ using Fc receptors; allows for larger target and more efficient _______
antibodies; phagocytosis
46
serum proteins that attack bacterial cell membranes
complement (20 in all)
47
complement assembles into the __________ that forms large pores in bacterial cells
membrane attack complex
48
five antibody (immunoglobulin) isotypes
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
49
isotype most abundant in blood and tissue fluids (majority of immunity)
IgG
50
isotype secreted in mucosal surfaces (blocks pathogens in mucosa)
IgA
51
isotype found in naive B cells and early activation, monomer of BCR
IgM
52
isotype found in naive B cells and early after activation, exists as a dimer secreted in mucosal surfaces and protects against pathogens in mucosa
IgD
53
isotype important against parasites
IgE
54
isotypes found in all naive B cells and early after activation, both serve as B cell receptors (BCRs) on the surface of B cells awaiting activation
IgM and IgD
55
all activated B cells use this process to decide their isotype
isotype switching
56
isotype that is secreted first in isotype switching
IgM
57
isotype that is most prevalent later on in infection after switching
IgG
58
allergy is caused by _________ of IgE against an _________ (pollen, nuts, shellfish, pet dander, etc.)
abundant production; innocuous antigen
59
antibody response with weaker affinity
primary response
60
allows for difference in affinity between primary and secondary response
tightness of antibody/antigen binding, higher affinity = tighter antibodies on receptors
61
B cells that continually divide, are maintained for long periods of time, make up 40% of the circulating B cell population
memory cells
62
B cells that die within 3 months
plasma cells
63
the secondary response initiates _____ than the primary response because of
faster; the generation of memory cells and having been in contact with the antigen prior - skips step of activating/generating memory cells
64
class expressed on ALL CELLS, displays intracellular antigens, interacts with natural killer cells and CTLs
MHC I
65
class expressed on APCs, displays extracellular antigens, interacts with helper T cells
MHC II
66
MHC I and II are both made in the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
67
T cells can only recognize antigen when
bound to MHC
68
antigens loaded in the ER, transported to the cell membrane
MHC I
69
blocks antigen loading in the ER, so it can load antigens by fusing with phagolysosomes, transported to the cell membrane
MHC II
70
each naive T cell has a unique T cell receptor (TCR) that recognizes a specific
MHC-antigen complex
71
immature and mature B and T cells refer to if they have undergone _______ to screen for self-reactivity
selection
72
all T and B cells in the _______ will be mature AND naive
lymph node
73
expressed by helper T cells, helps TCR bind MHC II/antigen complexes
CD4
74
expressed by cytotoxic T cells, helps TCR bind to MHC I/antigen complexes
CD8
75
signals for CD4+ helper T cells to activate these signals can also activate CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, but need helper T cells to secrete ________ to prompt it to replicate to large numbers
signal 1: APC expressing MHC-antigen that interacts with the T cell signal 2: transmitted by APC if it has been activated by PAMPs via its pattern recognition receptors since it traveled to the lymph node; cytokines
76
B and T cells need __________ to activate against a specific antigen to ensure that antigen is coming from a pathogen ______________ the host. without these checkpoints, activation against self-antigens is ________, leading to autoimmunity
multiple signals; actively infecting; more likely
77
immature T cells enter the thymus to select those that
DO NOT recognize our own self antigens
78
thymus cells express _________ in the human genome, and APCs present them to T cells via MHC I and II
every gene
79
signal 1: cytotoxic T cells in the lymph node will interact with ________/antigen complex on APC using the TCR and ______
MHC I; CD8
80
signal 2: active APCs will express _____, which is recognized by T cell _______, further activating T cell
B7; CD28
81
signal 3: rapidly _______, active helper T cells will secrete the cytokine _______ fully activating the cytotoxic T cell
dividing; IL-2
82
the cytotoxic T cell travels to the ____________ to kill host cells expressing MHC I/foreign antigen (effector function)
site of infection
83
CTLs only kill cells that are expressing ______ loaded with _________ that the T cell receptor recognizes
MHC I; foreign antigen
84
the CTL releases _______ (makes pore in cell) and _______ (enter the pore)
perforin; granzymes
85
granzyme entry leads to _______ (clean way to die)
apoptosis
86
NK cells recognize a lack of MHC I expression, but don't care what _______ is loaded to it - less specific than CTL killing
antigen

Microbio 4000 (4 decks)

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