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Microbio 4000 > Chapter 13: Sterilization/Disinfection, Antibiotics > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Sterilization/Disinfection, Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

variables that dictate the most appropriate antimicrobial strategy used

A

type of microbe, number of microbes, risk of infection, object being sterilized/disinfected

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2
Q

most resistant microbes

A

prions, endospores

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3
Q

moderately resistant microbes

A

mycobacteria, non-enveloped viruses

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4
Q

moderately susceptible microbes

A

gram-negative bacteria, eukaryotes

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5
Q

most susceptible microbes

A

gram-positive bacteria, enveloped viruses, mycoplasmas

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6
Q

process (chemical or physical) by which ALL living cells, spores, and viruses on an object are destroyed

A

sterilization

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7
Q

chemical agent used to sterilize

A

sterilant

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8
Q

killing or removal disease-producing organisms from inanimate surfaces (chemical or physical)

A

disinfection

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9
Q

chemical used on inanimate objects to disinfect

A

disinfectant

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10
Q

killing or removal of most pathogens from living tissues (most often chemical), does not always result in sterilization

A

antisepsis

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11
Q

chemical used to remove/eliminate pathogens from living tissue

A

antiseptic

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12
Q

reduces the microbial population to safe levels, usually involves cleaning, not complete removal of pathogens

A

sanitation

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13
Q

agents with antimicrobial chemicals that kill microbes

A

cidal agents

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14
Q

agents with antimicrobial chemicals that inhibit/control growth

A

static agents

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15
Q

antimicrobial measures can typically affect _______________ as well

A

nonpathogenic microbes

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16
Q

microbes die at an _____________ rate in the presence of killing agents

A

exponential

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17
Q

measures efficacy of disinfecting and sterilizing agents, time it takes to kill 90% of the population, important to measure effectiveness of a disinfectant or antimicrobial

A

decimal reduction time (D-value)

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18
Q

uses high pressure and high temp to sterilize objects, sufficient for destroying endospores after 20 mins, ex: autoclaves, pressure cookers, bench top sterilizers

A

pressurized steam sterilization

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19
Q

biohazardous waste is destroyed by burning, for single-use items only

A

incineration

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20
Q

for moisture-sensitive items, not as effective as steam sterilization but can sterilize if done correctly

A

dry oven

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21
Q

kills most organisms and viruses, but NOT for spores or hyperthermophiles

A

boiling (100C)

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22
Q

heating of food at a temp and time combination that kills pathogens, cannot eliminate all microorganisms and spores, goal is to kill pathogens without affecting texture, color, or taste of food

A

pasteurization

23
Q

all pharmaceutical drugs must be safe, but some are sensitive to heat or chemical sterilization

A

filtration

24
Q

sterilization can be performed through filtration where solutions are passed through filters with _________ (0.2um removes all cells, 0.02um removes viruses)

A

tiny pore size

25
Q

food is bombarded with high-energy electromagnetic radiation; viruses, endospores, and prions are very resistant to this method because they are very small

A

irradiation

26
Q

factors that influence the efficacy of a chemical disinfectant

A

presence of organic matter, kind of organisms present, corrosiveness, stability, odor, and surface tension

27
Q

presence of organic matter: chemicals bind to any organic material present, lowering _________ of agent against microbes

A

effectiveness

28
Q

kinds of organisms present: should be effective against a broad range of _________

A

pathogens

29
Q

corrosiveness: disinfectant should not damage the _________

A

surface it is on

30
Q

stability, odor, and surface tension: chemical should be ______ when stored, ________ odor, ______ surface tension to access cracks

A

stable; neutral/pleasant; low

31
Q

drug that slows/inhibits bacterial growth, effective therapy that reduces bacterial burden until it can be cleared by the host

A

bacteriostatic drug

32
Q

drug that kills bacteria cells

A

bactericidal drug

33
Q

antibiotic that targets one or limited groups of bacteria, pathogen must be identified before use (may take time), less disruption to normal microbiota

A

narrow spectrum antibiotic

34
Q

antibiotic that targets large groups of bacteria, used when treatment is urgent before the pathogen can be identified, can lead to disruption of the host microbiota

A

broad spectrum antibiotic

35
Q

we don’t use broad spectrum antibiotics for every bacterial infection because it can lead to _________ of the hosts’s normal microbiota and contribute to the development of ____________

A

disruption; antimicrobial resistance

36
Q

factors that health care providers need to consider when administering an antimicrobial drug

A

tissue distribution, excretion, and metabolism of drugs, allergies/other health concerns, half life of drugs

37
Q

effect where one drug inhibits the function of another

A

antagonistic effect

38
Q

effect where two drugs work better together than their additive effects

A

synergistic effect

39
Q

ability to kill/inhibit the infecting organism without damaging the host, difficult to achieve to minimize host side effects, goal of antimicrobial therapy

A

selective toxicity of a drug

40
Q

concentration of drug needed to completely inhibit bacterial growth in culture, lower = more effective antibiotic

A

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

41
Q

tests a bacterial culture for susceptibility to antibiotics on a plate; the zone of inhibition of bacterial growth is assessed to determine the susceptibility of pathogens to various antibiotics

A

disk diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer disk susceptibility test)

42
Q

mechanisms of antibacterial activity

A

metabolic inhibitors
DNA replication inhibitors
RNA polymerase inhibitors
protein synthesis inhibitors
cell membrane damage
cell wall inhibitors

43
Q

drug that targets the unique ergosterol membrane or DNA synthesis

A

antifungal drug

44
Q

fungi have efficient _______________ that further complicate antifungal development

A

drug detoxification systems

45
Q

drug that targets metabolic functions

A

antiprotozoal drug

46
Q

_____________ can be used by protozoa (single-cell eukaryotes) for metabolism releasing free radicals that damage the parasite

A

nitroimidazoles

47
Q

general strategies for bacteria to resist antibiotics

A
  1. prevent intracellular accumulation: destroy antibiotic, pump the antibiotic out, reduce membrane permeability (prevent entry of antibiotic)
  2. prevent antibiotic binding to target: alter the target, modify the antibiotic (B-lac)
  3. dislodge the ribosome: protect the ribosome (target for antibiotics)
48
Q

acquired resistance due to inherent characteristics of the organism

A

innate (intrinsic) resistance

49
Q

examples of innate resistance of antibiotics

A

gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane that prevents entry;
mycobacterium have a waxy mycolic acid cell wall, grow slowly, and can grow inside of host cells

50
Q

drug resistance that arises through genetic changes through mutations or acquisition of new genes

A

acquired resistance

51
Q

transfer of genes between neighboring cells, responsible for generation of multi-drug resistant bacteria

A

horizontal gene transfer

52
Q

How does horizontal gene transfer affect antibiotic resistance of otherwise-susceptible bacteria when antibiotics are misused?

A

An antibiotic susceptible pathogen can infect the lungs to cause pneumonia, pathogen replicates and a spontaneous antibiotic resistant mutant arises
Patient is given antibiotic (selective pressure), susceptible bacteria dies but not the resistant ones
Patient starts to get better then relapses, antibiotic-resistant bacteria start to replicate through HGT, patient risks transmitting the antibiotic-resistant strain to new person

53
Q

Why does antibiotic misuse lead to resistance?

A

If you take an antibiotic when you have a viral infection, the antibiotic attacks bacteria in your body. These are bacteria that are helpful or are not causing disease. This incorrect treatment can then promote antibiotic-resistant properties in harmless bacteria that can be shared with other bacteria

Microbio 4000 (4 decks)

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