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Microbio 4000 > Chapter 14: Microbiome > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

total community of microbes associated with an organism

A

microbiome/microbiota

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2
Q

the microbiome is composed of

A

bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, viruses

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3
Q

organs and tissues that harbor microbiomes

A

skin, eyes, mouth, nose, oropharynx, stomach, intestines, genitourinary tract

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4
Q

organs and tissues that should be kept sterile

A

bloodstream, respiratory tract (excluding lungs), certain parts of the genitourinary tract

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5
Q

number of microorganisms that typically inhabit an environment

A

bioburden

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6
Q

most prominent microbial ecosystems in the body

A

skin, oral/nasal cavities, genitourinary tract, intestine

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7
Q

area of the human body with the highest bioburden

A

intestine

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8
Q

anaerobes outnumber aerobes because they can occur without the presence of _______, making it advantageous in environments where ________ are low or absent

A

oxygen; oxygen levels

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9
Q

the more anaerobic the body site, the more _______ are present

A

anaerobes

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10
Q

even aerobic sites contain __________

A

anaerobes

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11
Q

skin limits microbial growth by

A

being acidic (pH 4-6), having high salt, low moisture content, and enzymes like lysozyme

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12
Q

___________ bacteria are more likely to colonize because they are resistant to salt/dryness

A

gram-positive

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13
Q

imbalance in microbiome composition, leads to skin diseases like rashes, acne, dermatitis, etc.

A

dysbiosis

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14
Q

dysbiosis leads to disease because the imbalanced microbiota is unable to protect itself from ___________ that trigger inflammation, toxins, and carcinogenic metabolites

A

pathogenic organisms

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15
Q

tears contain ____________ such as lysozyme; constant bathing in tears washes away ________

A

antimicrobial compounds; germs

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16
Q

harbors microbes in the eye

A

tear and oil glands/ducts and eyelash follicles

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17
Q

dysbiosis in the eye

A

infections of the eye surface (conjunctivitis), inflammation against normal microbiota (styes, blepharitis)

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18
Q

________ is a strong defense against microbial growth in the mouth, contains antimicrobial compounds like hydrogen peroxide and lysozymes, _______ the mouth, making the environment difficult to adhere to

A

saliva; washes

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19
Q

provide a surface for bacteria to adhere and grow biofilms

A

teeth

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20
Q

aerobic surface in mouth

A

surface of teeth

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21
Q

anaerobic surface in mouth

A

spaces in between teeth

22
Q

dysbiosis in mouth

A

can lead to bacteria entering the bloodstream (bacteremia) and lead to toxic shock syndrome and multi-organ failure

23
Q

aerobic surface in oronasopharynx

A

nasopharynx and oropharynx are oxygen-rich, harbor streptococcus and staphylococcus

24
Q

anaerobic surface in oronasopharynx

A

small pits along the tonsils contain crypts

25
Q

dysbiosis in oronasopharynx

A

streptococcus progenies can colonize in the throat and tonsils, establishing a severe infection that can lead to bacteremia and multi-organ failure (aerobic microbiota is colonizing in the wrong spot, causing an imbalance)

26
Q

lungs maintain a low bioburden to the

A

mucociliary escalator

27
Q

mechanism responsible for clearing the respiratory tract of most foreign debris and microbes

A

cilia move bacteria in and out of the airways, keeping most microorganisms in the nasopharynx

28
Q

bacteria that enter the trachea are trapped by ______, protects the lungs from this entry

A

mucus

29
Q

dysbiosis in the lungs

A

inhalation of too many pathogenic microbes will overwhelm the mucociliary escalator, leading to infection of the lung

30
Q

the stomach inhibits microbial growth due to the

A

low pH (~2) of the stomach acid

31
Q

bacteria (H. pylori - pathogenic to stomach and first part of intestines) that have pH ______ and can access the ___________ can colonize in the stomach

A

5-6; mucus lining

32
Q

the intestinal microbiome is fully ________ and has a _______ pH

A

anaerobic; neutral

33
Q

only anaerobes and facultative anaerobes can survive here; anaerobes are the most _________

A

intestinal microbiome; abundant

34
Q

the numbers and diversity of the ____________ are greater than any other human microbiome

A

intestinal microbiome

35
Q

benefits of intestinal microbiome

A

we absorb 15-20% of our daily calorie intake as microbial byproducts, vitamins and hormones are produced by microbes and absorbed by cells

36
Q

nerves in the GI tract connect the CNS to form the __________ (signaling), bidirectional

A

microbiome-gut-brain axis

37
Q

neurochemicals from the brain travel to nerves in the gut to alter _________ and __________

A

gut function and microbiome balance

38
Q

gut microbiome produces __________ that can alter brain function, affecting mood and behavior

A

neurotransmitters

39
Q

dysbiosis in gut

A

diseases like depression, parkinsons, and alzheimers

40
Q

microbiomes are constantly _______: normal bacteria compete with pathogens for _________ and ________, and will produce __________ to kill pathogens

A

changing; binding space and resources; antimicrobial compounds

41
Q

outcomes of severe intestinal dysbiosis

A

deadly infections from bacteria like C. difficile, inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s, bacteremia and organ infection

42
Q

the female genital tract inhibits bacterial growth because

A

it is slightly acidic (pH 4-5)

43
Q

the bioburden of the genital tract _______ closer to the external environment

A

increases

44
Q

most dominant bacteria in the vaginal microbiome

A

acid-tolerant Lactobacillus crispatus or other lactobacilli (prevent invasion of pathogens)

45
Q

dysbiosis of genitourinary microbiome

A

UTI - bacteria from the urethra can invade the bladder/kidneys
yeast infection - fewer lactobacilli in the vagina can lead to colonization of pathogenic bacteria or fungus

46
Q

proposes that dramatic changes in human behavior have influenced the makeup of our microbiota

A

hygiene hypothesis

47
Q

human behaviors that can dramatically alter our microbiota composition

A

use of preterm antibiotics -> consequence: reduces vaginal transmission
increased bathing/showering, using antimicrobial soaps -> consequence: accelerates change of skin microbiome composition

48
Q

ways to restore a balanced intestinal microbiota

A

prebiotics, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplant, phage therapies

49
Q

food or supplements that provide plant fibers that can be digested by beneficial bacteria (in natural foods like fruits, veggies, whole grains)

A

prebiotics

50
Q

food or nutritional supplements that contain live organisms to promote colonization by beneficial bacteria (lactobacillus and bifidobacterium species)

A

probiotics

51
Q

transfer of the microbiome of a healthy person to a person with severe intestinal disease

A

fecal microbiota transplant

52
Q

may be a possible alternative to antibiotics in targeting pathogenic bacteria

A

phage therapies

Microbio 4000 (4 decks)

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