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Microbio 4000 > Chapter 15: Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

three types of physical barriers

A

epithelial, blood-brain, maternofetal (placental)

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2
Q

barrier that lines the mucosa of digestive, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts

A

epithelial barrier

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3
Q

epithelial barriers are held together by

A

tight junctions

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4
Q

multiprotein adhesion complexes, strictly regulated and control what passes through/keeps microbes out

A

tight junctions

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5
Q

barrier with highly selective permeability, blocks most molecules from entering the brain

A

blood-brain barrier

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6
Q

the blood-brain barrier is held together by ______ that only allow ___, ____, and ____ through

A

endothelial tight junctions; oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol

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7
Q

the blood-brain barrier keeps out all pathogens that may enter from

A

the blood

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8
Q

barrier that keeps the fetus pathogen-free and separates the fetal and maternal bloodstreams

A

maternofetal (placental) barrier

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9
Q

through the maternofetal barrier, the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste are performed WITHOUT ____ and ____ blood mixing

A

fetal, maternal

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10
Q

molecules able to freely cross the blood-brain barrier

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol

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11
Q

the immune system distinguishes ___ from ___

A

self, non-self

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12
Q

the immune system senses and reacts to

A

foreign antigens

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13
Q

difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity

A

innate immunity is nonspecific, adaptive immunity is specific

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14
Q

system of nonspecific mechanisms that the body uses for protecting against pathogens, immediately activated

A

innate immunity

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15
Q

immune responses activated by a specific antigen, mediated by B and T cells, take a week or so to develop

A

adaptive immunity

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16
Q

formation of blood cellular components, how all immune cells are made (origin)

A

hematopoiesis

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17
Q

hematopoiesis starts at the

A

hematopoietic precursor stem cell (bone marrow)

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18
Q

white blood cells, can phagocytose and kill microbes

A

neutrophils

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19
Q

white blood cells, secrete antimicrobial compounds

A

eosinophils/basophils

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20
Q

white blood cells, differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells

A

monocytes

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21
Q

white blood cells, only found in tissues, secrete antimicrobial compounds

A

mast cells

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22
Q

adaptive, B, T, natural killer cells

A

lymphocytes

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23
Q

monocytes circulate in the ____ and engulf foreign material (phagocytosis)

A

blood

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24
Q

monocytes enter ____ and differentiate to macrophages or dendritic cells

A

tissues

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25
Q

cells that are phagocytic and dispersed in tissues, likely to make first contact with invading pathogens

A

macrophages

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26
Q

macrophages __________ from engulfed pathogens to the adaptive immune system

A

present antigens

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27
Q

cells that phagocytose, process, and present small antigens on their surface

A

dendritic cells

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28
Q

dendritic cells are important to bridge _________ and _________

A

innate and adaptive immunity

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29
Q

process of engulfing foreign bacteria

A

phagocytosis

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30
Q

steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. bacterium binds to phagocytic cell surface
  2. phagocyte pseudopods extend and engulf the organism
  3. invagination of phagocyte membrane traps organism within a phagosome
  4. lysosome fuses and deposits enzymes into the phagosome (becomes a phagolysosome), enzymes then split macromolecules and generate reactive oxygen, destroying the organism
  5. results: either microbe is destroyed and microbial debris is released into extracellular space, or antigen is presented on the membrane
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31
Q

neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, kill pathogens, important step in antigen presentation

A

phagocytes

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32
Q

activate the adaptive immune system

A

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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33
Q

immune cells that present antigen on their cell surface

A

dendritic cells

34
Q

group of organs, vessels, and tissues that complement the immune and circulatory systems

A

lymphatic system

35
Q

where immune cells originate and mature

A

primary organs

36
Q

where immune cells encounter antigen

A

secondary organs

37
Q

secondary organs

A

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

38
Q

interstitial fluids and white blood cells from tissues, drained from tissues by lymphatic vessels

A

lymph

39
Q

microbes that enter past the skin are targeted by

A

sebum

40
Q

microbes that enter past the mucosa are targeted by

A

mucus

41
Q

microbes that enter past the lungs are targeted by

A

stomach acid

42
Q

chemical barrier that targets peptidoglycan

A

lysozyme

43
Q

chemical barrier that produces superoxide radicals

A

lactoperoxidase

44
Q

chemical barrier that are positively-charged small molecules and target membranes

A

defensins

45
Q

five cardinal signs of inflammation

A

heat, edema, redness, pain, altered function/movement (HERPA)

46
Q

infection/inflammation of the lungs, identified by light regions/cloudiness (bilateral inflammation) caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

pneumonia

47
Q

movement of white blood cells from the bloodstream into the tissues

A

extravasation

48
Q

dominant cell infiltrating the tissues in extravasation

A

neutrophils

49
Q

extravasation causes

A

the signs of inflammation (HERPA)

50
Q

inflammatory response pathway

A
  1. resident macrophages engulf and digest invading organisms
  2. macrophages release inflammatory mediators that recruit more help (cytokines, vasoactive factors, chemokines)
  3. endothelial tight junctions loosen
  4. cytokines promote expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells
  5. allows for extravasation of WBCs expressing integrins that bind to endothelial adhesion molecules
  6. damaged tissue cells express bradykinin (directly promotes vasodilation), also activate mast cells
  7. bradykinin promote prostaglandin secretion from endothelial cells, signals to nerve cells to send a pain input to the brain
  8. once microbe is cleared, neutrophils, cytokines, and chemokines are removed and the tissue can heal
51
Q

causes cell damage as a worthwhile cost to clear out the pathogen, damage done is repairable quickly

A

acute inflammation

52
Q

occurs when the foreign body persists in the tissues, continues damaging and eventually causes permanent tissue damage, can be caused by nonliving irritants (splinters, etc.)

A

chronic inflammation

53
Q

to evaluate if the cell they are contacting is self or non-self, macrophages probe their environment with

A

pseudopods

54
Q

phagocytosis kills microbes by fusing the _____ with the ______

A

phagosome, lysosome

55
Q

many microbes (especially viruses) not only survive phagocytosis, but use it to enter the

A

cell cytoplasm

56
Q

packed with pro-inflammatory molecules, prevents wound healing, short-lived and die by apoptosis

A

neutrophils

57
Q

programmed/controlled cell death

A

apoptosis

58
Q

apoptosis is clean because it

A

maintains membrane integrity to limit the release of harmful neutrophil contents

59
Q

apoptotic neutrophils are phagocytosed by macrophages and degraded, allowing for ______ to resolve and ________ to begin

A

inflammation; tissue repair

60
Q

kill defective host cells (virus-infected, intracellular bacteria, cancer), not specific (only discern between self and non self enough)

A

natural killer (NK) cells

61
Q

NK cells DO NOT directly kill microbes, they kill

A

cells that allow for microbial replication

62
Q

self molecule receptor, expressed by all host cells

A

MHC I

63
Q

NK cells know which cells to kill by looking for defective cells that express _________, NK cell will force cell to undergo apoptosis

A

less MHC I

64
Q

NK cells kill by inserting ________ and entering target host cell membranes that lack _______

A

perforin (pore-forming protein); MHC I

65
Q

NK cells release cytotoxic proteins like _______ that enter through the perforin pores and initiate apoptosis

A

granzyme

66
Q

cells die when they are supposed to (programmed), NK cells kill defective cells

A

apoptosis

67
Q

cells die when they are not supposed to

A

cell lysis

68
Q

how innate cells sense if there are microbial invaders, recognize conserved molecular patterns that are common to broad classes of microbes

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

69
Q

patterns that cells might leak out when damaged

A

damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

70
Q

immune cells use ________ to sense PAMPs and DAMPs and initiate the appropriate response

A

pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)

71
Q

primary example of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

A

Toll-Like Receptor family

72
Q

PRR activation leads to the cell producing _______ that alert neighboring cells and immune cells the type of ______ taking place

A

cytokines; infection

73
Q

pathogens sensed by TLRs on the cell membrane

A

PAMPs in extracellular environment (bacteria, yeast, protists, etc.)

74
Q

pathogens sensed by TLRs on endosomal membranes

A

PAMPs taken up by endocytosis related to viruses and intracellular bacteria

75
Q

cytokines that cells express during infection to warn other cells to establish an antiviral state

A

interferons

76
Q

systemic inflammatory response to infection that can lead to multi-organ failure and death

A

sepsis

77
Q

main driver of sepsis

A

bacterial infection infiltrates the bloodstream and is sensed by TLRs on monocytes and platelets

78
Q

any molecule that can cause fever

A

pyrogens

79
Q

pyrogens cause fever by

A

influencing the hypothalamus to increase body heat (fever creates an environment inhospitable to bacterial growth)

80
Q

family of proteins present in the blood that react to bacterial membranes

A

complement

81
Q

consequences of complement

A

can coat the bacterial cell and make them easier to be eaten by phagocytes (opsonization); add up to form membrane attack complex that forms pores in the membrane

82
Q

all of our own cells have _______ proteins that inactivate complement, bacteria do not have these proteins

A

surface

Microbio 4000 (4 decks)

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