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PDCI Fall 2020 Medical Terminology > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

balan/o

A

glans penis

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2
Q

epididym/o

A

epididymis

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3
Q

orch/o
orchi/o
orchid/o
test/o

A

testis or testicle

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4
Q

perine/o

A

perineum

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5
Q

prostat/o

A

prostate

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6
Q

sperm/o

spermat/o

A

sperm (seed)

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7
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

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8
Q

scrotum

A

a bag

skin-covered pouch in the groin that is divided into two sacs, each containing a testis and an epididymis

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9
Q

testis (testicle)

A

one of the two male reproductive glands, located in the scrotum, that produces sperm and the male hormone testosterone

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10
Q

sperm

spermatozoon

A

male gamete or sex cell produced in the testes that unites with the ovum in the female to produce offspring

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11
Q

epididymis

A

coiled duct on top and at the side of the testis that stores sperm before emission

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12
Q

penis

A

erectile tissue covered with skin that contains the urethra for urination and ducts for the secretion of seminal fluid (semen)

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13
Q

glans penis

A

bulging structure at the distal end of the penis (glans = acorn)

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14
Q

prepuce

A

foreskin

loose casing covering the glans penis - removed by circumcision

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15
Q

vas deferens

A

duct that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct (vas = vessel, deferent = carrying away)

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16
Q

seminal vesicle

A

one of two sac-like structures lying behind the bladder and connected to the vas deferens on each side - secretes an alkaline substance into the semen to enable the sperm to live longer

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17
Q

semen

A

mixture of the secretions of the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands discharged from the male urethra during orgasm

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18
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

duct formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle

its fluid is carried into the urethra

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19
Q

prostate gland

A

trilobular gland that encircles the urethra just below the bladder - secretes an alkaline fluid into the semen

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20
Q

bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)

A

pair of glands below the prostate with ducts opening into the urethra - adds a viscid (sticky) fluid to the semen

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21
Q

perineum

A

external region between the scrotum and anus in a male and between the vulva and anus in a female

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22
Q

spermatic cord

A

cord containing the vas deferens, arteries, veins, lymph vessels, and nerves that extends from the internal inguinal ring through the inguinal canal to each testicle

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23
Q

aspermia

A

inability to secrete or ejaculate sperm

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24
Q

azoospermia

A

semen without living spermatozoa, a sign of infertility in the male

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25
Q

oligospermia

A

scanty production and expulsion of sperm

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26
Q

mucopurulent discharge

A

drainage of mucus and pus

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27
Q

anorchism

A

absence of one or both testes

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28
Q

balanitis

A

inflammation of glans penis

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29
Q

cryptorchism

A

undescended testicle

failure of a testis to descend into the scrotal sac during fetal development

it most often remains lodged in the abdomen or inguinal canal, requiring surgical repair

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30
Q

epididymitis

A

inflammation of the epididymis

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31
Q

hydrocele

A

hernia of fluid in the testis or tubes leading from the testis

32
Q

hypospadias

A

congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis

33
Q

erectile dysfunction (ED)

A

failure to initiate or maintain an erection until ejaculation because of physical or psychological dysfunction

formerly termed impotence

34
Q

Peyronie disease

A

disorder characterized by a buildup of hardened fibrous tissue in the corpus cavernosum causing pain and a defective curvature of the penis, especially during erection

35
Q

phimosis

A

narrowed condition of the prepuce (foreskin) resulting in the inability to be drawn over the glans penis, often leading to infection - commonly requires circumcision

36
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia/hypertrophy (BPH)

A

enlargement of the prostate gland

frequently seen in older men, causing urinary obstruction

37
Q

prostate cancer

A

malignancy of the prostate gland

38
Q

prostatitis

A

inflammation of the prostate

39
Q

spermatocele

A

painless, benign cystic mass containing sperm lying above and posterior to the testicle, but separate from it

40
Q

testicular cancer

A

malignant tumor in one or both testicles commonly developing from the germ cells that produces sperm - classified into two groups according to growth potential

41
Q

seminoma

A

most common type of testicular tumor, composed of immature germ cells - highly treatable with early detection

42
Q

nonseminomas

A

testicular tumors arising from more mature germ cells that have a tendency to be more aggressive than seminomas

often develop earlier in life (includes choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, and yolk sac tumors)

43
Q

varicocele

A

enlarged, swollen, herniated veins near the testis

44
Q

Major bacterial STDs

A

chlamydia
gonorrhea
syphilis

45
Q

chlamydia

A

most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in North America

often occurs with no symptoms and is treated only after it has spread

46
Q

gonorrhea

A

contagious inflammation of the genital mucous membranes caused by invasion of the gonococcus Neisseria gonorrhoeae

47
Q

syphilis

A

infectious disease caused by a spirochete transmitted by direct intimate contact that may involve any organ or tissue over time

usually manifested first on the skin with the appearance of small, painless red papule that erode and form bloodless ulcers called chancres

48
Q

Major viral STDs

A

hepatitis B virus (HBV)
herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
human papilloma virus (HPV)

49
Q

hepatitis B virus (HBV)

A

virus that causes inflammation of the liver as a result of transmission through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood

50
Q

herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)

A

virus that causes ulcer-like lesions of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa

after initial infection, the virus lies dormant in the nerve cell root and may recur at times of stress

51
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which permits various opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurological diseases

contracted through exposure to contaminated blood to body fluid

52
Q

human papilloma virus (HPV)

condyloma acuminatum

A

virus transmitted by direct sexual contact that causes an infection that can occur on the skin or mucous membranes of the genitals

on the skin, the lesions appear as cauliflower-like warts, and on the mucous membranes, they have a flat appearance (also known as venereal or genital warts)

53
Q

biopsy (Bx)

A

tissue sampling used to identify neoplasia

54
Q

biopsy of the prostate

A

needle biopsy of the prostate often performed using ultrasound guidance

55
Q

testicular biopsy

A

biopsy of a testicle

56
Q

digital rectal exam (DRE)

A

insertion of a finger into the male rectum ti palpate the rectum and prostate

57
Q

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

A

blood test used to screen for prostate cancer

an elevated level of the antigen indicates the possible presence of tumor

58
Q

urethrogram

A

x-ray of the urethra and prostate

59
Q

semen analysis

A

study of semen, including a sperm count, with observation of morphology (form) and motility

usually performed to rule out male infertility

60
Q

endorectal (transrectal) sonogram of the prostate

A

scan of the prostate made after introducing an ultrasonic transducer into the rectum - also used to guide needle biopsy

61
Q

circumcision

A

removal of the foreskin (prepuce), exposing the glans penis

62
Q

epididymectomy

A

removal of the epididymis

63
Q

orchiectomy

orchidectomy

A

removal of a testicle

64
Q

orchioplasty

A

repair of a testicle

65
Q

orchiopexy

A

fixation of an undescended testis in the scrotum

66
Q

prostatectomy

A

excision of the prostate gland

67
Q

transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

A

removal of prostatic gland tissue though the urethra using a resectoscope, a specialized urological endoscope - common treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia/hypertrophy (BPH)

68
Q

vasectomy

A

removal of a segment of the vas deferens to produce sterility in the male

69
Q

vasovasotomy

A

restoration of the function of the vas deferens to regain fertility after vasectomy

70
Q

chemotherapy

A

treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce

71
Q

cancer immunotherapy

A

treatment of cancer by stimulating the patient’s own immune response by transfer of immune components such as antibodies or T cells from an outside source to kill cancer cells

72
Q

radiation therapy

A

treatment of neoplastic disease by using radiation to deter the proliferation of malignant cells

73
Q

brachytherapy

A

radiation technique involving internal implantation of radioactive isotopes, such as radioactive seeds to treat prostate cancer (brachy = localized application)

74
Q

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

A

use of a hormone to remedy a deficiency or regulate production (e.g., testosterone)

75
Q

penile prosthesis

A

implantation of a device designed to provide an erection of the penis - used to treat physical impotence

76
Q

penile self-injection

A

intracavernosal injection therapy causing an erection - used in treatment of ED

PDCI Fall 2020 Medical Terminology (6 decks)

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