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PDCI Fall 2020 Medical Terminology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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2
Q

adren/o

adrenal/o

A

adrenal gland

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3
Q

andr/o

A

male

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4
Q

crin/o

A

to secrete

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5
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

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6
Q

gluc/o
glucos/o
glyc/o
glycos/o

A

sugar

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7
Q

hormon/o

A

hormone (an urging on)

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8
Q

ket/o

keton/o

A

ketone bodies

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9
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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10
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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11
Q

thyr/o

thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland (shield)

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12
Q

adrenal glands

suprarenal glands

A

located above each kidney

adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones

adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

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13
Q

steroid hormones

A

regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance

some effect on sexual characteristics

includes the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens

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14
Q

epinephrine

norepinephrine

A

affect sympathetic nervous system in stress response

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15
Q

ovaries

A

located one on each side of the uterus in the female pelvis, functioning to secrete estrogen and progesterone

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16
Q

estrogen

progesterone

A

responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of reproduction

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17
Q

pancreas (islets of Langerhans)

A

located behind the stomach in front of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, functioning to secrete insulin and glucagon

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18
Q

insulin

glucagon

A

regulate carbohydrate metabolism

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19
Q

parathyroid glands

A

located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck, functioning to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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20
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism

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21
Q

pineal gland

A

located in the center of the brain, functioning to secrete melatonin and serotonin

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22
Q

melatonin

A

exact function unknown

affects onset of puberty

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23
Q

serotonin

A

a NT that serves as the precursor to melatonin

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24
Q

pituitary gland

hypophysis

A

located at the base of the brain

anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin

posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) and oxytocin

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25
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates secretion from thyroid gland

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26
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex

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27
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

initiates growth of ovarian follicle

stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males

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28
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

causes ovulation

stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus lute

causes secretion of testosterone in testes

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29
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

affects skin pigmentation

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30
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

influences growth

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31
Q

prolactin (lactogenic hormone)

A

stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy

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32
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules

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33
Q

oxytocin

A

influences uterine contraction

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34
Q

testes

A

located one on each side within the scrotum in the male, functioning to secrete testosterone

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35
Q

testosterone

A

affects masculinization and reproduction

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36
Q

thymus gland

A

located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart, functioning to secrete thymosin

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37
Q

thymosin

A

regulates immune response

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38
Q

thyroid gland

A

located in front of the neck, functioning to secrete triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and calcitonin

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39
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)

thyroxine (T4)

A

known as the thyroid hormones

regulate metabolism

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40
Q

calcitonin

A

regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

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41
Q

exopthalmos

exopthalmus

A

protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball

42
Q

glucosuria

glycosuria

A

glucose (sugar) in the urine

43
Q

hirsutism

A

shaggy

an excessive growth of hair especially in unusual places (e.g. a woman with a beard)

44
Q

hypercalcemia

A

an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood

45
Q

hypocalcemia

A

an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood

46
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high blood sugar

47
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar

48
Q

hyperkalemia

A

an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood

49
Q

hypokalemia

A

deficient level of potassium in the blood

50
Q

hypernatremia

A

excessive level of sodium ions in the blood

51
Q

hyponatremia

A

low level of sodium ions in the blood

52
Q

hypersecretion

A

abnormally increased secretion

53
Q

hyposecretion

A

decreased secretion

54
Q 
ketosis
ketoacidosis
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
A

presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal utilization of carbohydrates as seen in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation

55
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions

56
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

57
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

58
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone from any cause, such as a result of excessive production by the adrenal gland (often caused by a tumor), or more commonly as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid (steroid) hormones such as prednisone for asthma, RA, lupus, or other inflammatory diseases

symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness (moon-shaped appearance), hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with striae (stretch marks), hypertension, and osteoporosis

59
Q

adrenal virilism

A

excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women owing to tumor tumor or hyperplasia

evidenced by amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice

60
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

metabolic disorder caused by an abnormal utilization of insulin secreted by the pancreas

evidenced by hyperglycemia and glucosuria

61
Q

insulin

A

hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose

62
Q

type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

diabetes in which there is no beta cell production of insulin - the patient is dependent on insulin for survival

63
Q

type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

diabetes in which the body produces insulin, but not enough, or there is insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced) - the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival

64
Q

hyperinsulinism

A

condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions

often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas

65
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

66
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor

67
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands

68
Q

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

considered the master gland because it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles

69
Q

acromegaly

A

disease characterized by enlarged features, especially the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped

most often caused by a pituitary tumor

70
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

condition of abnormal increase in urine output most commonly caused by inadequate secretion of pituitary antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia

urine appears colorless due to the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine

71
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

condition of congenital hyposecretion of GH slowing growth and causing a short yet proportionate stature (not affecting intelligence) - often treated during childhood with GH

72
Q

pituitary gigantism

A

condition of hypersecretion of GH during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones

most often caused by a pituitary tumor

73
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation

74
Q

hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
thyrotoxicosis

A

condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by exophthalmia, tachycardia, goiter, and tumor

75
Q

hypothyroidism

A

condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity

76
Q

myxedema

A

advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin

77
Q

cretinism

A

condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature

the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed

78
Q 
blood sugar (BS)
blood glucose
A

measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood

79
Q

fasting blood sugar (FBS)

A

measurement of blood sugar level after a fast of 12 hours

80
Q

postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)

A

measurement of blood sugar level after a meal, commonly after 2 hours

81
Q

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

measurement of the body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter - usually for 4-6 hours

82
Q

glycohemoglobin

A

molecule (fraction) in Hb that rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar

it is a common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes

also known as glycosylated Hb (HbA1c)

83
Q

electrolytes

A

measurement of the level of specific ions (sodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, and chloride) in the blood

electrolyte balance is essential for normal metabolism

84
Q

thyroid function study

A

measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine efficiency of glandular secretions, including T3, T4, and TSH

85
Q

urine sugar and ketone studies

A

chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in the urine

used as a screen for diabetes

86
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse view of the pituitary gland

87
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

non-ionizing images of MR are useful in identifying abnormalities of pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, and thyroid glands

88
Q

sonography

A

sonographic images are used to identify endocrine pathology, such as with thyroid ultrasound

89
Q

thyroid uptake and image

A

nuclear image involving scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously ingested isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors

90
Q

adrenalectomy

A

excision of adrenal gland

91
Q

hypophysectomy

A

excision of pituitary gland

92
Q

pancreatectomy

A

excision of pancreas

93
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

excision of parathyroid gland

94
Q

thymectomy

A

excision of thymus gland

95
Q

thyroidectomy

A

excision of thyroid gland

96
Q

continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)

insulin pump therapy

A

use fo an insulin-delivery device worn on the body (usually the abdomen) that subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to the individual needs of the diabetic patient

97
Q

radioiodine therapy

A

use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells

98
Q

antihypoglycemic

A

drug that raises blood glucose

99
Q

antithyroid drug

A

agent that blocks the production of thyroid hormones

used to treat hyperthyroidism

100
Q

hormone replacement

A

drug that replaces a hormone deficiency

101
Q

hypoglycemic

antihyperglycemic

A

drug that lowers blood glucose

PDCI Fall 2020 Medical Terminology (6 decks)

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