chapter 16 Flashcards
What is abnormal?
Distress (self or others), dysfunction (person or society), deviance (violate social norms)
What are 9 major diagnostic categories?
Anxiety, dissociative, sexual and gender identity, mood, schizophrenic, eating, somatoform, substance abuse, personality disorders
Describe anxiety disorders
frequent, no loss of contact with reality (phobias panic, OCD, PTSD)
Describe dissociative disorders
problems with consciousness or self-identification (amnesia, multiple personalities)
Describe sexual and gender identity disorders
sexual dysfunction, desire to be opposite sex (molestation, fetishes)
Describe mood disorders
marked disturbances in mood (depression, mania)
Describe schizophrenic disorders
disorder of thinking, perception and emotion (loss contact with reality)
Describe eating disorders
anorexia and bulimia
What did ancient scientists think of mental illness?
caused by demons
What is trephination?
drill hole in skull to release the spirit
What does Pythagoras suggest about mental disorders?
disease of the mind
What was Rosenhan’s study
people got admitted into mental hospital by saying “I’m hearing voices” no one realized they were pretending, normal behaviour was taken as a symptom
What’s the vulnerability-stress model (diathesis-stress model)?
everyone has degree vulnerability for developing psychological disorder, given sufficient stress
Until the mid 70’s there was either…
neurosis or psychosis
What is neurosis?
anxiety like a phobia (in touch with reality)
What is psychosis?
thought disturbance like schizophrenia (lose touch with reality)
what are some facts about anxiety disorders?
onset when younger, most prevalent disorder in north America, most common in females, affects 25% of people
characteristics of anxiety disorders
subjective-emotional distress, avoidance-escape behaviour, interference in daily routine and social functioning
What is a phobia?
strong/irrational fear of certain objects or situations
Whats the biggest phobia in men?
heights
whats the biggest phobias in women?
animals
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
chronic “free-falling” anxiety not attached to specific situations or objects
What is a panic disorder?
sudden, unpredictable and intense panic attacks
When are panic disorders diagnosed
when patient has fear of future attacks
What are OCD obsessions and compulsions?
obsession- repetitive thoughts, images or impulses (cognitive)
compulsion- repetitive behavioural responses (behavioural)
What do compulsions prevent?
anxiety and panic attacks
What percent of OCD occurs in men and women?
2%
What does OCD have a genetic link to?
tourette’s
What are the 5 causes of anxiety disorders?
biological factors, psychodynamic view, cognitive view, behavioural view, sociocultural
What is the percent concordance for anxiety disorders in identical and fraternal twins?
40 and 4%
What’s the psychodynamic view of anxiety disorders?
impulses threatened overwhelm ego’s defence
What does the psychodynamic view think GAD and panic attacks are?
when defences aren’t strong enough to contain the anxiety
What does the cognitive view think of panic attacks?
triggered by exaggerated misinterpretation of normal anxiety symptoms
what is classical conditioning from the behavioural view?
develop phobia after being bitten by snake
What is observational learning from the behavioural view?
develop fear from watching tv
What is operant conditioning from the behavioural view?
avoidance/compulsions are negatively reinforced
What’s the personality of anorexics?
perfectionists, high standards, need control
What’s the personality of bulimics?
depressed, anxious, low impulse control
What are the physiological components of anorexics?
leptin levels rebound faster than weight so hard to gain weight
What are the physiological components of bulimics?
lose tastebuds making vomiting more tolerable
What are emotional high or lows called?
mania and depression
What are out of proportion to a person with depression life situation?
frequency, intensity and duration of depressive symptoms
What is dysthymia?
A version of depression with less dramatic effects on personal and occupational functioning
What are the 4 symptoms of depression?
mood, cognitive, motivational and somatic
What are mood symptoms?
can’t enjoy biological pleasures (food/sex), is core feature of depression
What are motivational symptoms?
no drive and don’t want to get out of bed
What are cognitive symptoms?
difficulty concentrating, making decision slow self esteem, expect failure, blame themselves
What are somatic symptoms?
loss appetite, fatigue, or weight gain from compulsive eating
How often does suicide happen?
every 40sec
What is bipolar disorder?
depression with periods of mania
What is the manic state?
no limits to what can be done
What happens in the manic state?
speech is rapid and unstoppable, less sleep, unable to sit
What are the 2 causes of mood disorders?
Biological and learning and environmental
what is reserpine and what does it do?
hypertension drug that induces depression by depleting monoamines
What is personality-based vulnerability?
Freud believed early loss creates vulnerability for later depression
What does Humanistic (Seligman) think on depression?
“me” generation sets selves up for depression, they react more strongly to own failure
What’s learned helplessness theory?
depression happens when people expect bad events and believe there’s nothing to prevent them
What’s the cycle of depression?
- stressful experience
- negative explanatory style
- depressed mood
- cognitive and behavioural changes
- stressful experiences
What’s the depressive cognitive triad?
negative belief about world, oneself and future
What’s the depressive attributional pattern?
bad things are personal, good things are situational
What are somatoform disorders?
complaints of physical symptoms that are not possible
What are psychophysiological disorders?
psychological factors cause/contribute to real medical condition
What is conversion disorder?
serious neurological symptoms suddenly occur
What is glove anesthesia?
losing sensation only below wrist
What is the psychodynamic perspective on conversion disorder?
ego represses conflict by converting anxiety into physical symptom
What is hypochondriasis?
being alarmed about physical symptom, convinced have serious illness
What is pain disorder?
experience pain for no reason
What are the 3 dissociative disorders?
psychogenic amnesia, psychogenic fugue, dissociative identity disorder (DID)
What is psychogenic amnesia?
person responds to stressful event with extensive selective memory loss
What is psychogenic fugue?
person loses all sense of personal identity, gives up life and gets new identity
What is dissociative identity disorder?
2 or more separate personalities coexist in the same person
What is trauma-dissociation theory?
new personalities occur in response to severe stress (usually in childhood with physical/sexual abuse)
What is schizophrenia?
disturbances in thinking, speech, perception, emotion and behaviour (splitting of mental processes)
What are characteristics of someone with schizophrenia?
misinterpret reality, strange communication, grooming neglected, behaviour disorganized, delusions, hallucinations
What are delusions of persecution?
out to get me
What are delusions of grandeur?
extreme importance
What are the types of schizophrenia?
paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated
What is the paranoid type of schizophrenia?
delusions of persecution and magnificence
What is the catatonic type of schizophrenia?
motor disturbances: muscle rigidity or random movements
What is the stuporous state in the catatonic type of schizophrenia?
oblivious to reality
What is the disorganized type of schizophrenia?
confusion and incoherence, childlike behaviour
What is the undifferentiated type of schizophrenia?
a little bit of the symptoms from the other 3 types of schizophrenia
What is type 1 schizophrenia?
positive symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech, good history before breakdown, good after treatment
What is type 2 schizophrenia?
negative symptoms: lack of emotion, loss motivation, absence normal speech, history of poor functioning and poor outcome after treatment
What are the 4 cause of schizophrenia?
biological, psychological, environmental, sociocultural
What protein do schizophrenics have a problem with?
DISC 1
What is the dopamine hypothesis?
positive symptoms produced by overactivity of dopamine in motivation, emotion, and cognitive function areas
What are the 2 components of the psychological causes of schizophrenia?
Freud and cognitive
What does Freud think for the psychological cause of schizophrenia?
is extreme regression
What does cognitive think for the psychological cause of schizophrenia?
defect in attention mechanism, overwhelmed by stimuli
What are the 2 components of the sociocultural causes of schizophrenia?
social causation hypothesis and social drift hypothesis
What does the social causation hypothesis of sociocultural causes of schizophrenia state?
higher rates of schizophrenia in poor areas due to higher stress that low income causes
What does the social drift hypothesis of sociocultural causes of schizophrenia state?
schizophrenia causes lower occupational functioning so they move to low-cost urban housing
What are the 10 personality disorders?
antisocial, borderline, schizoid, histrionic, avoidant, schizotypal, narcissistic, dependent, paranoid, obsessive-compulsive
Describe antisocial
impulsive, lack empathy, highly manipulative, no conscience
Describe borderline
instability of self-image, relationships, emotions, manipulative and suicidal
Describe schizoid
indifferent to social relationships, restricted range of emotions
Describe histrionic
dramatic, attention seeking, promiscuous, impressionable
Describe avoidant
social discomfort, fear of being negatively evaluated
Describe schizotypal
odd thoughts, appearance, behaviour, discomfort in social situations
Describe narcissistic
fantasies, lack of empathy, need admiration from others, proud self-display
Describe dependent
submissive and dependent behaviour, fear of separation
Describe paranoid
unwarranted tendency to interpret behaviour as threatening
Describe obsessive-compulsive
perfectionism, orderliness, inflexibility
Descriptions of antisocial personality disorder
selfishness, interpersonal manipulation, impulsive, instability, charismatic, manipulative
2 types of causes of antisocial personality disorder
biological and psychological/environmental
What are the biological causes of antisocial personality disorder?
amygdala or prefrontal cortex dysfunction causes low heart rate under stress
What are the psychological causes of antisocial personality disorder?
lack of conscience (no superego), exposure aggressive parents
What is borderline personality disorder?
instability of behaviour, emotion, identity and relationships, anger, loneliness, emptiness, binge eating, drug abuse, self mutilation
Causes of borderline personality disorder?
chaotic history, splitting (failure integrate positive/negative aspects of other person’s behaviour into coherent whole), biological (problem with neurotransmitter system that regulates emotion)
Name 2 childhood disorders
ADHD and autistic disorder
