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psychology1000 > chapter 16 > Flashcards

chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What is abnormal?

A

Distress (self or others), dysfunction (person or society), deviance (violate social norms)

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2
Q

What are 9 major diagnostic categories?

A

Anxiety, dissociative, sexual and gender identity, mood, schizophrenic, eating, somatoform, substance abuse, personality disorders

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3
Q

Describe anxiety disorders

A

frequent, no loss of contact with reality (phobias panic, OCD, PTSD)

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4
Q

Describe dissociative disorders

A

problems with consciousness or self-identification (amnesia, multiple personalities)

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5
Q

Describe sexual and gender identity disorders

A

sexual dysfunction, desire to be opposite sex (molestation, fetishes)

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6
Q

Describe mood disorders

A

marked disturbances in mood (depression, mania)

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7
Q

Describe schizophrenic disorders

A

disorder of thinking, perception and emotion (loss contact with reality)

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8
Q

Describe eating disorders

A

anorexia and bulimia

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9
Q

What did ancient scientists think of mental illness?

A

caused by demons

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10
Q

What is trephination?

A

drill hole in skull to release the spirit

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11
Q

What does Pythagoras suggest about mental disorders?

A

disease of the mind

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12
Q

What was Rosenhan’s study

A

people got admitted into mental hospital by saying “I’m hearing voices” no one realized they were pretending, normal behaviour was taken as a symptom

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13
Q

What’s the vulnerability-stress model (diathesis-stress model)?

A

everyone has degree vulnerability for developing psychological disorder, given sufficient stress

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14
Q

Until the mid 70’s there was either…

A

neurosis or psychosis

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15
Q

What is neurosis?

A

anxiety like a phobia (in touch with reality)

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16
Q

What is psychosis?

A

thought disturbance like schizophrenia (lose touch with reality)

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17
Q

what are some facts about anxiety disorders?

A

onset when younger, most prevalent disorder in north America, most common in females, affects 25% of people

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18
Q

characteristics of anxiety disorders

A

subjective-emotional distress, avoidance-escape behaviour, interference in daily routine and social functioning

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19
Q

What is a phobia?

A

strong/irrational fear of certain objects or situations

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20
Q

Whats the biggest phobia in men?

A

heights

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21
Q

whats the biggest phobias in women?

A

animals

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22
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

A

chronic “free-falling” anxiety not attached to specific situations or objects

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23
Q

What is a panic disorder?

A

sudden, unpredictable and intense panic attacks

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24
Q

When are panic disorders diagnosed

A

when patient has fear of future attacks

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25
Q

What are OCD obsessions and compulsions?

A

obsession- repetitive thoughts, images or impulses (cognitive)
compulsion- repetitive behavioural responses (behavioural)

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26
Q

What do compulsions prevent?

A

anxiety and panic attacks

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27
Q

What percent of OCD occurs in men and women?

A

2%

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28
Q

What does OCD have a genetic link to?

A

tourette’s

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29
Q

What are the 5 causes of anxiety disorders?

A

biological factors, psychodynamic view, cognitive view, behavioural view, sociocultural

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30
Q

What is the percent concordance for anxiety disorders in identical and fraternal twins?

A

40 and 4%

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31
Q

What’s the psychodynamic view of anxiety disorders?

A

impulses threatened overwhelm ego’s defence

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32
Q

What does the psychodynamic view think GAD and panic attacks are?

A

when defences aren’t strong enough to contain the anxiety

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33
Q

What does the cognitive view think of panic attacks?

A

triggered by exaggerated misinterpretation of normal anxiety symptoms

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34
Q

what is classical conditioning from the behavioural view?

A

develop phobia after being bitten by snake

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35
Q

What is observational learning from the behavioural view?

A

develop fear from watching tv

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36
Q

What is operant conditioning from the behavioural view?

A

avoidance/compulsions are negatively reinforced

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37
Q

What’s the personality of anorexics?

A

perfectionists, high standards, need control

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38
Q

What’s the personality of bulimics?

A

depressed, anxious, low impulse control

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39
Q

What are the physiological components of anorexics?

A

leptin levels rebound faster than weight so hard to gain weight

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40
Q

What are the physiological components of bulimics?

A

lose tastebuds making vomiting more tolerable

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41
Q

What are emotional high or lows called?

A

mania and depression

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42
Q

What are out of proportion to a person with depression life situation?

A

frequency, intensity and duration of depressive symptoms

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43
Q

What is dysthymia?

A

A version of depression with less dramatic effects on personal and occupational functioning

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44
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of depression?

A

mood, cognitive, motivational and somatic

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45
Q

What are mood symptoms?

A

can’t enjoy biological pleasures (food/sex), is core feature of depression

46
Q

What are motivational symptoms?

A

no drive and don’t want to get out of bed

47
Q

What are cognitive symptoms?

A

difficulty concentrating, making decision slow self esteem, expect failure, blame themselves

48
Q

What are somatic symptoms?

A

loss appetite, fatigue, or weight gain from compulsive eating

49
Q

How often does suicide happen?

A

every 40sec

50
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

depression with periods of mania

51
Q

What is the manic state?

A

no limits to what can be done

52
Q

What happens in the manic state?

A

speech is rapid and unstoppable, less sleep, unable to sit

53
Q

What are the 2 causes of mood disorders?

A

Biological and learning and environmental

54
Q

what is reserpine and what does it do?

A

hypertension drug that induces depression by depleting monoamines

55
Q

What is personality-based vulnerability?

A

Freud believed early loss creates vulnerability for later depression

56
Q

What does Humanistic (Seligman) think on depression?

A

“me” generation sets selves up for depression, they react more strongly to own failure

57
Q

What’s learned helplessness theory?

A

depression happens when people expect bad events and believe there’s nothing to prevent them

58
Q

What’s the cycle of depression?

A
  • stressful experience
  • negative explanatory style
  • depressed mood
  • cognitive and behavioural changes
  • stressful experiences
59
Q

What’s the depressive cognitive triad?

A

negative belief about world, oneself and future

60
Q

What’s the depressive attributional pattern?

A

bad things are personal, good things are situational

61
Q

What are somatoform disorders?

A

complaints of physical symptoms that are not possible

62
Q

What are psychophysiological disorders?

A

psychological factors cause/contribute to real medical condition

63
Q

What is conversion disorder?

A

serious neurological symptoms suddenly occur

64
Q

What is glove anesthesia?

A

losing sensation only below wrist

65
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective on conversion disorder?

A

ego represses conflict by converting anxiety into physical symptom

66
Q

What is hypochondriasis?

A

being alarmed about physical symptom, convinced have serious illness

67
Q

What is pain disorder?

A

experience pain for no reason

68
Q

What are the 3 dissociative disorders?

A

psychogenic amnesia, psychogenic fugue, dissociative identity disorder (DID)

69
Q

What is psychogenic amnesia?

A

person responds to stressful event with extensive selective memory loss

70
Q

What is psychogenic fugue?

A

person loses all sense of personal identity, gives up life and gets new identity

71
Q

What is dissociative identity disorder?

A

2 or more separate personalities coexist in the same person

72
Q

What is trauma-dissociation theory?

A

new personalities occur in response to severe stress (usually in childhood with physical/sexual abuse)

73
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

disturbances in thinking, speech, perception, emotion and behaviour (splitting of mental processes)

74
Q

What are characteristics of someone with schizophrenia?

A

misinterpret reality, strange communication, grooming neglected, behaviour disorganized, delusions, hallucinations

75
Q

What are delusions of persecution?

A

out to get me

76
Q

What are delusions of grandeur?

A

extreme importance

77
Q

What are the types of schizophrenia?

A

paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated

78
Q

What is the paranoid type of schizophrenia?

A

delusions of persecution and magnificence

79
Q

What is the catatonic type of schizophrenia?

A

motor disturbances: muscle rigidity or random movements

80
Q

What is the stuporous state in the catatonic type of schizophrenia?

A

oblivious to reality

81
Q

What is the disorganized type of schizophrenia?

A

confusion and incoherence, childlike behaviour

82
Q

What is the undifferentiated type of schizophrenia?

A

a little bit of the symptoms from the other 3 types of schizophrenia

83
Q

What is type 1 schizophrenia?

A

positive symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech, good history before breakdown, good after treatment

84
Q

What is type 2 schizophrenia?

A

negative symptoms: lack of emotion, loss motivation, absence normal speech, history of poor functioning and poor outcome after treatment

85
Q

What are the 4 cause of schizophrenia?

A

biological, psychological, environmental, sociocultural

86
Q

What protein do schizophrenics have a problem with?

A

DISC 1

87
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

positive symptoms produced by overactivity of dopamine in motivation, emotion, and cognitive function areas

88
Q

What are the 2 components of the psychological causes of schizophrenia?

A

Freud and cognitive

89
Q

What does Freud think for the psychological cause of schizophrenia?

A

is extreme regression

90
Q

What does cognitive think for the psychological cause of schizophrenia?

A

defect in attention mechanism, overwhelmed by stimuli

91
Q

What are the 2 components of the sociocultural causes of schizophrenia?

A

social causation hypothesis and social drift hypothesis

92
Q

What does the social causation hypothesis of sociocultural causes of schizophrenia state?

A

higher rates of schizophrenia in poor areas due to higher stress that low income causes

93
Q

What does the social drift hypothesis of sociocultural causes of schizophrenia state?

A

schizophrenia causes lower occupational functioning so they move to low-cost urban housing

94
Q

What are the 10 personality disorders?

A

antisocial, borderline, schizoid, histrionic, avoidant, schizotypal, narcissistic, dependent, paranoid, obsessive-compulsive

95
Q

Describe antisocial

A

impulsive, lack empathy, highly manipulative, no conscience

96
Q

Describe borderline

A

instability of self-image, relationships, emotions, manipulative and suicidal

97
Q

Describe schizoid

A

indifferent to social relationships, restricted range of emotions

98
Q

Describe histrionic

A

dramatic, attention seeking, promiscuous, impressionable

99
Q

Describe avoidant

A

social discomfort, fear of being negatively evaluated

100
Q

Describe schizotypal

A

odd thoughts, appearance, behaviour, discomfort in social situations

101
Q

Describe narcissistic

A

fantasies, lack of empathy, need admiration from others, proud self-display

102
Q

Describe dependent

A

submissive and dependent behaviour, fear of separation

103
Q

Describe paranoid

A

unwarranted tendency to interpret behaviour as threatening

104
Q

Describe obsessive-compulsive

A

perfectionism, orderliness, inflexibility

105
Q

Descriptions of antisocial personality disorder

A

selfishness, interpersonal manipulation, impulsive, instability, charismatic, manipulative

106
Q

2 types of causes of antisocial personality disorder

A

biological and psychological/environmental

107
Q

What are the biological causes of antisocial personality disorder?

A

amygdala or prefrontal cortex dysfunction causes low heart rate under stress

108
Q

What are the psychological causes of antisocial personality disorder?

A

lack of conscience (no superego), exposure aggressive parents

109
Q

What is borderline personality disorder?

A

instability of behaviour, emotion, identity and relationships, anger, loneliness, emptiness, binge eating, drug abuse, self mutilation

110
Q

Causes of borderline personality disorder?

A

chaotic history, splitting (failure integrate positive/negative aspects of other person’s behaviour into coherent whole), biological (problem with neurotransmitter system that regulates emotion)

111
Q

Name 2 childhood disorders

A

ADHD and autistic disorder

psychology1000 (4 decks)

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