chapter 14 Flashcards
What is psychic energy?
generated by instinctual drives pressing for release
When is the ID present?
birth
How does the ID function
irrationally
What basic biological urges does the ID have?
eating, drinking and sex
What principle does it follow?
pleasure principle- maximize pleasure, minimize pain
What is the Primary Process Theory (ID)?
if needs can’t be met with reality, fantasy will meet them
When does the ego develop?
second
what’s the reality principle (ego)?
tests reality to decide when ID can safely discharge impulses
what is “executive of personality” (ego)?
must balance superego and ID
when does the superego develop?
last
What does superego decide?
if ego has been good or bad
How does superego control the ego?
pride and guilt
Three sources of anxiety in psychodynamic perspective:
reality- fear real world threats
neurotic- fear ID’s desires
moral- fear superego’s guilt
What are defines mechanisms?
deny/distort reality to deal with anxiety
What is the defence mechanism repression?
pushed to subconscious
What is the defence mechanism regression?
mentally returning to earlier, safer state (tug sucking and bed wetting)
What is the defence mechanism conversion?
conflict converted into physical symptom
What is the defence mechanism isolation?
memories allowed back into consciousness but without motives or emotion
What is the defence mechanism sublimation?
released in socially acceptable/admired behaviour
What is the defence mechanism intellectualization?
situation treated as intellectually interesting event
What is the defence mechanism displacement?
use secondary goal as an outlet
What is the defence mechanism projection?
attributing impulse to other people
What is the defence mechanism reaction formation?
exaggerated opposite behaviour
Free association:
Freud
patient is to say anything no matter how trivial, embarrassing or unrelated
analyst looks for association and resistance
Errors of speech and memory:
- Freudian slips
- absent-mindedness
- Freud believes these are motivations
Evaluating Psychoanalytic Theory:
limited data, bias, conceptual
Evidence supporting Freud:
subconscious processing: semantic primary effect
repression: memory lapses during therapy
Evidence against Freud:
dreams, anthropological evidence: oedipus complex not culturally universal
Neoanalysts:
disagree with Freud- not enough focus on cultural and social aspects
Adler
- humans motivated by social interest
- coined inferiority complex: drive to compensate for imagined defects
Jung (analytic psychology)
- personal and collective unconscious
- memories represented by archetypes
Object relations (Klein, Kernberg, Kohl, Haler)
- look at representations people form of themselves and others early in life
- parents model later relationships
- early attachment with parents has big impact later
Components of Carl Rogers self Theory
self, self-consistency, congruence, need for positive regard, unconditional positive regard, need for positive self regard, conditions of worth, fully functioning persons
What perspective is Carl tiger’s Self Theory?
humanistic
What does Carl Roger’s Self Theory state?
behaviour is response to immediate conscious experience of self and environment
What is congruence (Rogers)
consistency between self-preception and experience
What is unconditional positive regard (Rogers)?
child to parents (if don’t get in childhood, get conditions of worth)
what is conditions of wroth (Rogers)?
dictate when approve ourselves (like superego)
Who has more self-esteem in teen years?
men
Who has more self-esteem in adulthood?
neither
Whats related to people with higher self-esteem?
give into pressure less, achieve higher, better love lives, happier
Whats related to people with lower self-esteem?
anxiety, depression, illness, poor social relationships, underachievement
What is self-verification
need preserve self concept by maintaining self-consistency and congruence
What is self-enhancement
need regard themselves positively
What does the humanistic perspective rely on too much?
individual reports of experiences
What does trait/biological perspective use?
factor analysis- allows researchers find which behaviours correlated
Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors
people rated themselves and found 16 behaviour clusters
What’s the 5 factor model?
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism (OCEAN) (6th sub category under each factor called facets) (NEO-PI test measures these)
What’s self-monitoring?
one’s tendency to tailor behaviour the situation
Eysenck
started 2 basic traits: introversion -extroversion and stability-instability (called instability-neuroticism) later added third: psychotics-self control
Name the 3 cognitive theorists
Rotter, Bandura, Mischel
What do social cognitive theorists focus on?
internal and external causes of personality
What is reciprocal determination?
person, behaviour and environment all influence each other
Rotter says whether we will do something is determined by:
expectancy and reinforcement value (how much desire/dread expected outcome)
Internal/external locks of control
called generalized expectancy
internal locus believe life outcomes are..
largely under personal control
external locus believe fate has to do with…
luck, chance, others
Bandura human agency
humans are active agents in own lives
Bandura 4 processes
intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, self-reflectiveness
what is self-efficacy?
beliefs concerning one’s ability perform whats needed
4 determinants of self-efficacy:
previous performance attainments, observational learning, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal
Mischel’s consistency paradox:
expect and perceive high consistency of personality, but in reality it varies greatly with situations
Mischel’s cognitive-affective personality system:
person and situation matter
If-then behaviour consistencies:
there is consistency in behaviour in similar situations
Personality assessments
interviews, projective tests, rorschach inkblots, thematic apperception test, remote behaviour sampling, personality scales
2 types of personality scales
rational and empirical approach
2 types of projective tests
rorschach inkblots, thematic apperception test
What tests do psychodynamic theorists prefer?
projective
What tests do humanists prefer
self-report
What test do social cognitive theorists prefer?
behaviour assessments/sampling
What test do trait theorists/behaviour geneticists prefer?
personality scales
What do biological personality researchers use?
emotional reactivity/brain processes
