chapter 15 Flashcards
Name 3 types of stressors
microstressors, catastrophic events, major negative events
What are microstressors?
daily annoyances
What are catastrophic events?
natural disasters
What are major negative events?
victim of major crime/abuse, loss of loved one, academic failure
Life event scales
gauge severity of stresses by measuring intensity, duration, predictability, controllability, chronicity
Name the order of 4 stress response
- primary appraisal
- secondary appraisal
- judgement
- appraisal of personal meaning
What is primary appraisal?
appraisal of demand of the situation
What is secondary appraisal?
appraisal resources available to cope with it
What judgements
of what the consequences could be
What is appraisal of personal meaning
what outcome might imply to us
What is General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
physiological response pattern to strong and prolonged stressors
3 steps of GAS
alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion
What is alarm reaction?
- fight or flight response
- adrenal medulla produces epinephrine
- adrenal cortex produces cortisol
What is resistance?
body is resisting the parasympathetic nervous system that is trying to calm it down as it continues to fight the stressor
What is exhaustion?
after the stressor there is increased vulnerability to disease (why you get sick after exams)
What is neuroticism?
heightened tendency to experience negative emotions and get into negative situations cause of it
What are psychosomatic disorders?
physical symptoms caused by psychological factors
What is anxiety?
avoidant behaviour towards cause, interference in daily routine
What are 4 anxiety disorders?
panic attack, phobic disorders, OCD, PTSD
What is PTSD?
severe anxiety, arousal and distress, flashbacks, survivor guilt
people with PTSD show activity in right, people without show activity in left
How do you treat PTSD?
remove traumatic situation, educate survivors, medication, exposure therapy
What does stress increase the risk of?
heart attack, cancer and death after death of loved one
What does stress reduce?
fat metabolism and immune system
What is physiological toughness?
relationship between two classes of hormones secreted by adrenal glands in response to stress
What are catecholamines?
epinephrine and NE (boosts immune system)
What are corticosteroids?
cortisol (damages it)
How to people with high physiological toughness respond to stress?
with low levels of cortisol and quick strong jump in catecholamines
What are the 7 cognitive protective factors?
Hardiness, coping self-efficacy, optimism, finding meaning in stressful life events, personality type, problem-focussed coping, emotion-focused coping
What are the three parts trait of hardiness?
commitment to work/family, perception of control over situation, viewing situation as challenge
What are the personality types?
type A: live under pressure, demanding of self and others
type B: relaxed and agreeable
What is coping self-efficacy?
conviction that we can cope successfully
what does optimism do?
healthier and increases immune system
What can religion do to stress?
increase or decrease it
What is problem-focussed coping?
confront and deal directly with demands of stressor
What is emotion-focussed coping?
manages emotional response
What are the components of the transtheoretical model?
pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
What is pre-contemplation?
problem unrecognized
What is contemplation?
problem recognized
What is yo-yo dieting?
up and down weight fluctuations
What is associated with dropping out of exercise?
low self efficacy, type A personality, inflated estimate of current fitness, inactive leisure-time pursuits, lack of social support
What is Bandura’s social cognitive theory?
people learn from the ones they desire
Wha work best for substance abuse treatment/prevention?
cognitive behavioural strategies
What is motivational interviewing?
leads people to their own conclusions by asking questions and revealing discrepancies between self
What are harm reduction approaches?
designed to reduce harmful effects of behaviour when it occurs
What are multimodal treatment approaches?
package of multiple approaches:
- biological (nicotine patch)
- aversion therapy (pair drug with shock)
Relapse prevention
abstinence violation effect: person becomes upset and self-blaming over failure, reduces self efficacy
