chapter 15

Question 1

Name 3 types of stressors

Answer 1

microstressors, catastrophic events, major negative events

Question 2

What are microstressors?

Answer 2

daily annoyances

Question 3

What are catastrophic events?

Answer 3

natural disasters

Question 4

What are major negative events?

Answer 4

victim of major crime/abuse, loss of loved one, academic failure

Question 5

Life event scales

Answer 5

gauge severity of stresses by measuring intensity, duration, predictability, controllability, chronicity

Question 6

Name the order of 4 stress response

Answer 6

1. primary appraisal
2. secondary appraisal
3. judgement
4. appraisal of personal meaning

Question 7

What is primary appraisal?

Answer 7

appraisal of demand of the situation

Question 8

What is secondary appraisal?

Answer 8

appraisal resources available to cope with it

Question 9

What judgements

Answer 9

of what the consequences could be

Question 10

What is appraisal of personal meaning

Answer 10

what outcome might imply to us

Question 11

What is General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 11

physiological response pattern to strong and prolonged stressors

Question 12

3 steps of GAS

Answer 12

alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

Question 13

What is alarm reaction?

Answer 13

• fight or flight response
• adrenal medulla produces epinephrine
• adrenal cortex produces cortisol

Question 14

What is resistance?

Answer 14

body is resisting the parasympathetic nervous system that is trying to calm it down as it continues to fight the stressor

Question 15

What is exhaustion?

Answer 15

after the stressor there is increased vulnerability to disease (why you get sick after exams)

Question 16

What is neuroticism?

Answer 16

heightened tendency to experience negative emotions and get into negative situations cause of it

Question 17

What are psychosomatic disorders?

Answer 17

physical symptoms caused by psychological factors

Question 18

What is anxiety?

Answer 18

avoidant behaviour towards cause, interference in daily routine

Question 19

What are 4 anxiety disorders?

Answer 19

panic attack, phobic disorders, OCD, PTSD

Question 20

What is PTSD?

Answer 20

severe anxiety, arousal and distress, flashbacks, survivor guilt
people with PTSD show activity in right, people without show activity in left

Question 21

How do you treat PTSD?

Answer 21

remove traumatic situation, educate survivors, medication, exposure therapy

Question 22

What does stress increase the risk of?

Answer 22

heart attack, cancer and death after death of loved one

Question 23

What does stress reduce?

Answer 23

fat metabolism and immune system

Question 24

What is physiological toughness?

Answer 24

relationship between two classes of hormones secreted by adrenal glands in response to stress

Question 25

What are catecholamines?

Answer 25

epinephrine and NE (boosts immune system)

Question 26

What are corticosteroids?

Answer 26

cortisol (damages it)

Question 27

How to people with high physiological toughness respond to stress?

Answer 27

with low levels of cortisol and quick strong jump in catecholamines

Question 28

What are the 7 cognitive protective factors?

Answer 28

Hardiness, coping self-efficacy, optimism, finding meaning in stressful life events, personality type, problem-focussed coping, emotion-focused coping

Question 29

What are the three parts trait of hardiness?

Answer 29

commitment to work/family, perception of control over situation, viewing situation as challenge

Question 30

What are the personality types?

Answer 30

type A: live under pressure, demanding of self and others

type B: relaxed and agreeable

Question 31

What is coping self-efficacy?

Answer 31

conviction that we can cope successfully

Question 32

what does optimism do?

Answer 32

healthier and increases immune system

Question 33

What can religion do to stress?

Answer 33

increase or decrease it

Question 34

What is problem-focussed coping?

Answer 34

confront and deal directly with demands of stressor

Question 35

What is emotion-focussed coping?

Answer 35

manages emotional response

Question 36

What are the components of the transtheoretical model?

Answer 36

pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination

Question 37

What is pre-contemplation?

Answer 37

problem unrecognized

Question 38

What is contemplation?

Answer 38

problem recognized

Question 39

What is yo-yo dieting?

Answer 39

up and down weight fluctuations

Question 40

What is associated with dropping out of exercise?

Answer 40

low self efficacy, type A personality, inflated estimate of current fitness, inactive leisure-time pursuits, lack of social support

Question 41

What is Bandura’s social cognitive theory?

Answer 41

people learn from the ones they desire

Question 42

Wha work best for substance abuse treatment/prevention?

Answer 42

cognitive behavioural strategies

Question 43

What is motivational interviewing?

Answer 43

leads people to their own conclusions by asking questions and revealing discrepancies between self

Question 44

What are harm reduction approaches?

Answer 44

designed to reduce harmful effects of behaviour when it occurs

Question 45

What are multimodal treatment approaches?

Answer 45

package of multiple approaches:

• biological (nicotine patch)
• aversion therapy (pair drug with shock)

Question 46

Relapse prevention

Answer 46

abstinence violation effect: person becomes upset and self-blaming over failure, reduces self efficacy