Chapter 16 & 18 Flashcards
What are the waves of muscular contractions that move along the length of the digestive tract called?
Peristalsis
Which nerve controls the stomach and initiates the production of gastric juice?
Vagus
Which condition is caused by abdominal organs sliding into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus?
Hiatal hernia
The _____ is the second segment of the small intestine and does the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption.
Jejunum
_____ is the esophageal laceration secondary to vomiting.
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
The cystic duct leaves the liver and leads to the:
Gallbladder
Which of the following is a general function of the liver?
Bile production
Metabolic regulation
Hematological regulation
The liver receives about ____ percent of cardiac output.
25
What is the most common cause of chronic viral hepatitis in the U.S.
Hep C
Roughly half of our daily vitamin _____ requirements are produced by intestinal bacteria.
K
Patients with hallow organ problems tend to have:
Diffuse abdominal pain
The renal tubule is responsible for:
Reabsorbing useful organic molecules
Secreting any waste products missed by the filtration process
Reabsorbing water
Filtration membranes allow the passage of:
Water, ions, glucose
In the proximal convoluted tubule water moves out of the tubular fluid by what process?
Osmosis
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle actively transports:
Sodium
The hormone erythropoietin and the enzyme renin are secreted by the:
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Which is a metabolic waste product of the breakdown of amino acids?
Urea
Which hormone, when at lower levels, decreases water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct?
Antidiuretic hormone
In ______, the functions of damaged kidneys are performed by a machine that facilitates diffusion between the patient’s blood and a carefully regulated fluid.
Dialysis
Which of the following is a major hormone involved in regulating kidney function?
Aldosterone, angiotensin II, ADH
Atrial natriuretic peptide is released by _____ when blood volume and blood pressure are too high and opposes the actions of the renin-angiotensin system.
Atrial cardiac muscle cells
Kidney stones consisting of ______ are the most common.
Calcium salts
The _____ and kidneys play key roles in maintaining the acid-base balance of body fluids.
Lungs
If extracellular fluids become hypertonic, as compared to the intracellular fluid, water will move in which direction?
From cells into the ECF
In response to circulating aldosterone, the kidneys _____ sodium ions.
Reabsorb
Severe acidosis can cause what effect on the body?
CNS deterioration
Peripheral vasodilation
Weak cardiac contractions
______ occurs when alveolar ventilation is increased, resulting in excess elimination of CO2
Respiratory alkalosis
The _______ buffer system depends on the ability of amino acids to respond to changes in pH by accepting or releasing hydrogen ions.
Protein
_____ is the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments.
Digestion
