Chapter 16 Flashcards
immunocompromised
term used to describe people vulnerable to invasion due to weaknesses or defects in the innate or adaptive immune system
Mutualism
both parties benefit in the symbiotic relationship
Commensalism
When one party benefits and the other is unaffected in a symbiotic relationship
Parasitism
One organism benefits at the expense of the other in a symbiotic relationship
parasite - eukaryotes
protozoa and helminths(worms)
microbiome
total genetic info of the community
Resident Microbiota
Microbes that typically inhabit body sites for extended periods
Transient Microbiota
temporary occupants of body sites
metagenomics
sequence analysis of DNA extracted directly from a given environment
dysbiosis
an imbalance in the microbiome
Hygiene Hypothesis
insufficient exposure to microbiome can lead to allergies and autoimmune disease
Colonization
Establish and growth of a microbe in a particular environment
infection
if a microbe has a parasitic relationship with the host
subclinical infection
symptoms are mild enough to go unnoticed
disease
condition that prevents the body from functioning normally
infectious disease
infection that results in disease
symptoms
subjective effects of the disease experienced by the patient
(e.x. pain and nausea)
Signs
Objective evidence
(e.x. rash, pus formation, swelling)
(Primary) pathogen
microorganism or virus that caused diseases in otherwise healthy organisms
(e.x. malaria, measles, influenza, strep throat, plague, tetanus, and tuberculosis)
Opportunistic (Pathogen)
causes disease only when the body’s innate or adaptive defenses are compromised or when introduced into an unusual location
Virulence
Degree of pathogenicity of an organism
Virulence Factors
traits of a microorganism that specifically allow it to cause disease
Communicable/Contagious Disease
Infectious diseases that spread from one host to another
Infectious Dose
of microbes necessary to establish an infection
ID_50
of microbial cells that resulted in disease of 50% of the population
Incubation Period
Time between the introduction of a microbe and the onset of the signs and symptoms
Illness
Time period when a person experiences the signs and symptoms of the disease
Prodromal Phase
Period before Illness where vague symptoms like malaise (general feeling of illness) and headaches
Convalescence
stage of recuperation and recovery from the disease
Carriers
Individuals who are asymptomatic but still harbor infectious agents and continue to spread the pathogen
Acute Infections
symptoms that develop quickly but last a short time
(e.x. strep throat)
Chronic Infections
develop slowly and last for months or years
(e.x. tuberculosis)
Latent Infections
microbe exist in hose tissues and are held in check by the immune symptoms but are latent, but may reactive and become symptomatic
(e.x. varicella-zoster virus, chickenpox to shingles)
Localized Infection
microbe is limited to a small area
(ex. S. aureus’ boil)
Systemic Infection
infectious agent disseminates through the body
Include a a characteristic set of signs and symptoms
(ex. Lyme disease)
Toxemia
indicates that toxins are circulating through the bloodstream
Viremia
indicates that viral particles are circulating in the bloodstream
Balanced Pathogenicity
Pathogen becomes less virulent while the hose becomes less susceptible
Adhesins
Components of pili or other surface structures like capisles and cell wall proteins
Siderophores
pathogens that produce their own iron-binding molecules
IgA Proteases
enzymes that cleave IgA antibodies
type III secretion systems (injectisome)
syringe like structure that injects proteins into eukaryotic cells
C5a peptidase
enzyme that degrades the complement system component C5a
a chemoattractant that recruits phagocytic cells
Membrane Damaging Toxins
kill phagocytes and other cells by forming pores in their membranes
M protein
binds a compliment regulatory protein that inactivates C3b
Serum Resistant Bacteria
bacteria that avoid killing by the complement protiens
IgA protease
cleaves IgA
Antigenic Variation
alters the molecules that antibodies would otherwise recognize
Mimicking host molecules
pathogens that produce and cover themselves with molecules similar to those normally found in the host
Exotoxins
Protiens that have very specific damaging effects that are secreted by the bacterium and can also leak into the surrounding fluid
Toxoid Vaccines
inactivates toxins
antitoxin
a treatment of suspension or neutralizing antibodies to treat symptoms of a toxin-mediated disease
Neurotoxins
These damage the nervous system and cause symptoms like paralysis
Enterotoxins
These cause symptoms associated with interstinal disturbance such as diarrhea and vomiting
Cytotoxins
These damage a variety of different cell types either by interfering with essential cellular mechanisms or by lysing cells
