Chapter 16,17- Micro evolution

Question 0

Biogeography

Answer 0

Discovery of species in isolated locations

Question 1

The Great Chain in Being

Answer 1

Developed in the 14th century. Belief that all species were created at one time and in one place

Question 2

Comparative morphology

Answer 2

Similarities between animals and their parts with no function

Question 3

Fossils

Answer 3

Deep layers with simple fossils, overlying layers with increasing complexity

Question 4

Microevolution

Answer 4

A change in an allele’s frequency from one generation to the next in a population

Question 5

Polymorphism

Answer 5

Traits come in two or more distinct forms

Question 6

Gene pool

Answer 6

All genes found in one population

Question 7

Genetic Equilibrium

Answer 7

Theoretical state in which a population is not evolving

Question 8

When does genetic equilibrium occur?

Answer 8

• No mutations
• No selections
• Random mating
• No migration
• Population is very large

Question 9

Lethal Mutation

Answer 9

An expression of a gene that results in death

Question 10

Neutral Mutation

Answer 10

Has no effect on survival and reproduction

Question 11

Beneficial Mutation

Answer 11

Those that bestow survival advantages

Question 12

Directional Selection

Answer 12

Shift in allele frequency in a consistent direction caused by environmental pressures or adaptive mutation

Question 13

Example of Directional Selection

Answer 13

The Peppered Moth:

• Pollution darkened tree trunks
• Camouflage of black moths increased their survival from predators
• DS caused a shift away from light-gray towards dark gray moths

Question 14

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 14

Intermediate forms of a trait is favored over the extreme trait, which are than eliminated from the population

Question 15

Example of Stabilizing Selection

Answer 15

Eurosta Solidaginis(Fly)

• the size of the gall determines what it’s going to be eaten by.
• Small galls: Beetles
• Large galls: Birds
• Medium galls: Nothing

Question 16

Disruptive Selection

Answer 16

Both forms at extreme ends are favored, thus the intermediate forms are eliminated

Question 17

Detailed example of Disruptive Selection

Answer 17

African Finches:

• The bill of a finch that measures 12 millimeters wide are able to feed on soft seeds.
• the bill of a finch that measures wider than 15 millimeters are able to feed on hard seeds
• Leaving the intermediate forms of the finch to compete with both finches and end up starving.

Question 18

Sexual Selection

Answer 18

Based on any trait that gives the individual a competitive edge in mating and producing offspring

Question 19

Balancing Selection

Answer 19

Multiple alleles are maintained in a population with high frequency against homozygotes

Question 20

Example of Balancing Selection

Answer 20

Sickle Cell Anemia:

• AA (normal blood) vulnerable to death from malaria
• aa (sickled blood) immune to malaria but still die at a young age
• Aa (carrier of sickle cell) immune to malaria and won’t die from sickle cell anemia

Question 21

Gene flow

Answer 21

Physical flow (immigration/emigration) of alleles between populations

Question 22

Genetic Drift

Answer 22

Random change in allele frequencies over generations brought about by chance
*Magnitude of drift is greatest in small populations

Question 23

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 23

A drastic reduction in population size brought about by severe pressure

Question 24

Founder Effect

Answer 24

Genetic drift is pronounced when a few individuals start a new population

Question 25

Inbreeding

Answer 25

Breeding or mating between close relatives who share a large number of alleles