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Physics 2 > Chapter 16 & 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 & 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

The reduction in the total number of X-ray photons remaining in the beam after passing through a given thickness of material

A

Attenuation

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2
Q

The result of either photoelectric absorption or Compton scattering is called

A

Attenuation

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3
Q

How is the amount of attenuation determined?

A

By the amount and type of irradiated material

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4
Q

If the body part being X-rayed is thicker, the ______ the attenuation will be.

A

Greater

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5
Q

Lead and Barium have _____ atomic numbers

A

High

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6
Q

Hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen have ______ atomic numbers

A

Low

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7
Q

Higher atomic number materials attenuate a _______ percentage of the beam than lower atomic number materials.

A

Greater

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8
Q

What are the basic substances comprising the human body?

A

Air
Fat
Water
Muscle
Bone

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9
Q

Which body substance absorbs the least amount of photons?

A

Air

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10
Q

Because air absorbs the least amount of photons, the IR exposure is

A

Greater

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11
Q

Where can air be found in the body?

A

Lungs
Sinuses
In small amounts in the GI tract

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12
Q

Which two body substances are very similar?

A

Fat and Muscle

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13
Q

Fat and Muscle are both considered a _________ in the body

A

Soft tissue structure

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14
Q

The atomic number or tissue density of fat makes it very similar to ______

A

Water

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15
Q

Since muscle has a greater density than fat, then muscle is a ______ attenuator of the beam.

A

Greater

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16
Q

An abdomen X-ray will show _____ on each side of the spine due to absorption of radiation by these muscles

A

Psoas muscle

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17
Q

Which basic substance of the body has the highest effective atomic number?

A

Bone

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18
Q

Absorption by bone means fewer photons reaching the IR so less

A

IR exposure

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19
Q

The amount of radiation that strikes the IR is

A

IR Exposure

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20
Q

What is our subject?

A

The patient

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21
Q

The subject density is going to impact the

A

IR exposure

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22
Q

Thicker/denser parts absorb _____ radiation producing ____ IR exposure.

A

More
Less

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23
Q

The impact the subject has on the resultant radiographic IR exposure is

A

Subject density

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24
Q

The Degree of differential absorption resulting from the differing absorption characteristics of the tissues in the body

A

Subject contrast

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25
Q

Spatial resolution of the structures depends on the position within the body and also the body’s placement to the IR

A

Subject detail

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26
Q

Subject detail is also known as

A

OID

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27
Q

The patient has to be positioned specifically to demonstrate a particular structure because of the way certain structures lie within the body

A

Subject distortion

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28
Q

Subject distortion is our

A

Positioning

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29
Q

To get good detail, your part needs to be

A

As close to the IR as possible

30
Q

Medical science concerned with all aspects of disease, including the structural and functional changes caused by as diseases process

A

Pathology

31
Q

These diseases cause the body tissue to increase in thickness, atomic number, and tissue density

A

Additive conditions

32
Q

A greater attenuation of the beam will exist in which conditions?

A

Additive

33
Q

Additive conditions require _______ technical factors.

A

Increasing

34
Q

Are additive conditions easier or harder to penetrate?

A

Harder

35
Q

These diseases cause the body tissue to decrease in thickness, atomic number, and tissue density.

A

Destructive conditions

36
Q

Destructive Conditions require _______ technical factors.

A

Decreasing

37
Q

Are destructive conditions easier or harder to penetrate?

A

Easier

38
Q

Which technical factor should be adjusted for additive conditions, and should you increase or decrease that factor?

A

Increase kVp

39
Q

15% increase in kVp will double the IR exposure

A

15% rule

40
Q

__% to __% kVp increase will compensate for most additive conditions.

A

5 to 15

41
Q

_____ will adjust/compensate exposures for pathological change’s automatically

A

AEC systems

42
Q

Destructive conditions require a ______ in which technical factor?

A

Decrease in mAs

43
Q

A ____ % decrease in ______ will reduce the IR exposure by half.

A

50
mAs

44
Q

A decrease of ____% to ____% in ____ will compensate for most destructive conditions.

A

25 to 50
mAs

45
Q

White to black very quickly

A

Short scale

46
Q

Many shades of grey

A

Long scale

47
Q

The time necessary for the human eye to acquire information is

A

0.2 seconds

48
Q

Which parts of the eye gather light?

A

Aqueous humor, cornea, iris, and lens

49
Q

The eyes perceive the image and _______s it to the _______.

A

Transmits
Brain

50
Q

The human eye is anatomically designed to _______, _______, __________, and transmit it to the brain for processing.

A

Gather light
Focus it
Convert it to nervous impulses

51
Q

What parts of the retina is responsible for converting the image to nervous impulses?

A

Specialized cells, especially the fovea centralis (or macula lutea)

52
Q

What transmits the impulses to the brain for processing?

A

Optic nerve

53
Q

Where does human image conversion occur?

A

Rod and cone cells

54
Q

The rod and cone cells are located in the

A

Retina

55
Q

If corrective lens are required its because of

A

Cornea issues

56
Q

Another name for retina is

A

Fovea centralis

57
Q

The retina (fovea centralis) coverts light to

A

Nervous impulses

58
Q

Rods are considered what type of vision

A

Scotopic (night)

59
Q

What type of light are rods sensitive to?

A

Low light

60
Q

Rods cannot function in

A

Bright light

61
Q

Cones are considered what type of vision?

A

Photopic (daylight)

62
Q

What type of light are cones sensitive to?

A

Bright light

63
Q

Lack of cones is the cause of

A

Color blindness

64
Q

Cones are responsible for

A

Contrast perception (greater recognition of grayscale differences)

65
Q

Created when the eye perceives a boundary

A

Mach effect

66
Q

Occurs when intensely bright light floods the eye directly.

A

Veil Glare

67
Q

Veil glare occurs in _____ areas of the image and between images

A

Unexposed

68
Q

Unwanted artifacts such as necklaces, buttons, zipper, and rings cause visual ____ while viewing radiographic images.

A

Noise

69
Q

Radiographers should see the body as

A

Three dimensional

70
Q

Radiographers should see radiographs as

A

2 dimensional

71
Q

Radiographs are two dimensional because they are

A

Missing depth

72
Q

To compensate for missing depth on a radiograph;

A

Never settle for a single view of any structure

Physics 2 (6 decks)

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