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Physics 2 > 26-29 > Flashcards

26-29 Flashcards

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1
Q

Photographic properties make the _____ of an image.

A

Detail

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2
Q

What are the 2 photographic properties?

A

IR exposure
Contrast

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3
Q

Without IR exposure and contrast

A

We would never be able to see am X-ray

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4
Q

How light or how dark we make our final image is known as

A

Brightness

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5
Q

Which post processing function controls brightness

A

Window Level

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6
Q

Where does contrast come from?

A

LUTS

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7
Q

Is contrast a post processing feature or pre processsing?

A

Pre-processing

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8
Q

The best way to evaluate an image to see if it contains good IR exposure is by

A

Checking EI/DI values

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9
Q

Where does IR exposure come from?

A

mAs and Contrast

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10
Q

Too many photons striking the IR results in

A

Overexposure

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11
Q

A _______ image will appear too dark

A

Overexposed

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12
Q

It is better to ________ than to _______ because we can post process.

A

Overexpose
Underexpose

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13
Q

A _____ image will appear too light.

A

Underexposed

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14
Q

When the IR did not receive enough photons, it has been _______.

A

Underexposed

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15
Q

mAs is ________ proportional to IR exposure.

A

Directly

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16
Q

If mAs is increased, what will happen to the IR exposure

A

An increase

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17
Q

In order to see a visible difference between 2 images, the mAs factor must have a minimum ______ change.

A

25%-35%

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18
Q

When adjusting mAs, adjustments should be made in increments of

A

Doubles or halves

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19
Q

An increase in kV will cause the IR exposure to

A

Increase

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20
Q

____ alters the intensity of the beam reaching the IR.

A

kVp

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21
Q

The target of the tube is the

A

Anode

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22
Q

A 15% increase in kVp will _____ the IR exposure.

A

Double

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23
Q

Single phase = _____% ripple

A

100

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24
Q

Three phase = ______% ripple

A

4-14

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25
Q

High frequency = ______ ripple

A

1%

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26
Q

The generator type we want to use is

A

High frequency

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27
Q

FSS does what to IR exposure?

A

No effect

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28
Q

Which side of the tube does the anode heel effect alter the beam?

A

Cathode side

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29
Q

An increase in SID causes IR exposure to

A

Decrease

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30
Q

If SID is increased, what should we do to maintain IR exposure

A

Increase mAs (double)

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31
Q

A decrease in SID causes IR exposure to

A

Increase

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32
Q

If SID is decreased, what needs to be done to maintain IR exposure?

A

Decrease mAs (half it)

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33
Q

When dealing with intensity and distance, you’re dealing with the

A

Inverse square law

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34
Q

If kVp increases, scatter_______

A

Increases

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35
Q

An increase in OID, causes IR exposure to

A

Decrease

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36
Q

Where is filtration located?

A

In the tube

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37
Q

An increase to filtration cause IR exposure to

A

Decrease

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38
Q

What does beam restriction do?

A

Reduces the total number of photons available, which reduces scatter.

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39
Q

What does beam restrictions do to IR exposure?

A

Decreases it

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40
Q

An increase in Gris ratio causes IR exposure to

A

Decrease

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41
Q

_______ gives us anatomical detail

A

Contrast

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42
Q

Contrast ranges from

A

Black to white

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43
Q

The post processing function that controls contrast is

A

Window width

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44
Q

______ contrast has few shades of gray.

A

High

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45
Q

____ contrast is long scaled and has _____ shades of gray.

A

Low
Many

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46
Q

_____ is the primary controller of subject contrast,.

A

kVp

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47
Q

Range of differences in the intensity of the X-ray beam after it has been attenuated by the subject

A

Subject contrast

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48
Q

A _____ in field size means you’re opening up the collimators and will ____ IR exposure, causing a _____ in subject contrast.

A

Increase
Increase
Decrease

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49
Q

Can subject contrast be improved by post processing?

A

No

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50
Q

A decrease in IR exposure will cause a ____ to subject contrast

A

Increase

51
Q

Does kVp effect subject contrast?

A

Yes

52
Q

An increase in mAs causes contrast to

A

Increase

53
Q

If filtration increases, contrast will

A

Decrease

54
Q

A decrease in collimation is the same as saying

A

Opening collimation

55
Q

An increase in collimation is the same as

A

Closing collimation

56
Q

A decrease in collimation causes contrast to

A

Decrease

57
Q

An increase in part size will cause contrast to

A

Decrease

58
Q

Which of the following can impact the remnant signal?
1. Tissue density
2.pathology
3.beam restriction

A

1,2, and 3

59
Q

Which of the following devices is used to overcome severe variation in patient anatomy or tissue density, providing more uniform receptor exposure?

A

Compensating filter

60
Q

In digital imaging, kilovoltage selection has an effect on
1. Photon energy
2. Penetration
3. Image contrast

A

1 and 2

61
Q

Increasing the technique factor kVp will have what effect on scatter production

A

Increase production

62
Q

Scatter _______ IR exposure

A

Increases

63
Q

Increasing IR exposure means to make the image

A

Darker

64
Q

Subject contrast comes from the

A

Patient

65
Q

If anatomic details are not recorded on the image, then the IR has been

A

Underexposed

66
Q

Range of brightness levels and how they are displayed on the monitor is called

A

Dynamic range

67
Q

The use of filtration devices will cause an/a __________ in IR exposure.

A

Decrease

68
Q

True or false: Subject contrast that is underexposed can be improved by post-processing algorithms.

A

False

69
Q

The filament and focusing cup are found on the __________ side of the x-ray tube.

A

Cathode

70
Q

Post-processing can make an image that is __________ acceptable for interpretation.

A

Overexposed

71
Q

LUT’s is what determines image

A

Contrast

72
Q

Which focal spot is projected out of the tube toward the object being radiographed.

A

Effective

73
Q

The primary function of x-ray beam filtration is to

A

Reduce patient skin dose

74
Q

What are the 2 geometric properties?

A

Spatial resolution
Distortion

75
Q

How do we measure spatial resolution?

A

Line pairs per mm on the test tool

76
Q

Degree of geometric sharpness or accuracy of the structural lines actually recorded in the image

A

Spatial resolution

77
Q

Geometric properties control

A

Detail

78
Q

Photographic properties control

A

Visibility of detail

79
Q

We want a ______ matrix with ____ pixels to get good spatial resolution

A

Large
Small

80
Q

High frequency spatial resolution has ____ wavelengths and _____ contrast

A

Shorter
High

81
Q

QC testing are types of _____ test tools to make sure we’re getting good detail on our images

A

Resolution

82
Q

What are the types of QC testing

A

Point spread
Line spread
Edge spread

83
Q

We want an MTF of

A

1

84
Q

Low signal and high noise gives us

A

Bad detail

85
Q

CNR stands for

A

Contrast to noise ratio

86
Q

Where does Nyquist Criterion happen

A

Within the system

87
Q

Takes the data from the pixels and samples the signals twice from each cycle to make sure nothing was missed

A

Nyquist Criterion

88
Q

When the Nyquist Criterion doesn’t get sampled twice

A

Aliasing

89
Q

Detail is affected by

A

SID
OID
SOD

90
Q

If SID increases, spatial resolution _______

A

Increases

91
Q

We want a ____ OID to increase spatial resolution

A

Short

92
Q

An increase to SOD will cause a _____ to spatial resolution

A

Increase

93
Q

The main controller of detail is

A

FSS

94
Q

What controls penumbra

A

FSS

95
Q

The _____ penumbra, the better the resolution

A

Less

96
Q

A smaller FSS will give us _____ penumbra

A

Less

97
Q

What surrounds the Umbra

A

Penumbra

98
Q

A long SID gives us _____ penumbra

A

Less

99
Q

Less penumbra gives us _____ detail.

A

Greater

100
Q

The smaller the pixels the _____ the detail

A

Better

101
Q

Misrepresentation of the size of shape of the structure being examined

A

Distortion

102
Q

Magnification is controlled by

A

SID/OID

103
Q

The greater the SID the ____ the magnification

A

Smaller

104
Q

Objects _____ from the IR will be magnified

A

Further

105
Q

Magnification factor is

A

SID divided by SOD

106
Q

What are the 2 types of shape distortion

A

Elongation
Foreshortening

107
Q

Elongation makes the object look

A

Longer than what it is

108
Q

Foreshortening makes the object look

A

Shorter than what it is

109
Q

Poor alignment of the part causes

A

Foreshortening

110
Q

Poor alignment of the tube and/or IR causes

A

Elongation

111
Q

Angulation of the tube will always change

A

SID

112
Q

An increased SID will cause magnification ton

A

Decrease

113
Q

__________ will occur with central ray and IR alignment issues.

A

Elongation

114
Q

In digital imaging, thin film transistor (TFT) and detector element (DEL) size is related to

A

Spatial resolution

115
Q

An increase in patient thickness __________ spatial resolution

A

Decreases

116
Q

Sharpness/resolution is ________ related to OID.

A

Inversely

117
Q

An MTF of 1.0 represents a signal of extremely ______ fidelity

A

High

118
Q

Misalignment of the tube-part-IR relationship results in

A

Shape distortion

119
Q

The best method to reduce patient motion

A

Communication

120
Q

The electronic term used to describe anything that interferes with visualization of the x-ray image is

A

Noise

121
Q

Which focal spot size will create a larger penumbra?

A

Large FSS

122
Q

Magnification is considered __________ distortion.

A

Size

123
Q

For the same field of view (FOV), spatial resolution will be improved using

A

A larger matrix

124
Q

The line focus principle expresses the relationship between

A

the actual and the effective focal spot.

Physics 2 (6 decks)

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