Chapter 16 &17

Question 1

What is socialization?

Answer 1

The process by which children acquire the beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviours considered appropriate by their society.

Question 2

What is the primary agent of socialization?

Answer 2

The family

Question 3

When do children fare better?

Answer 3

When adult members of the family can effectively coparent, mutually supporting each other’s parenting efforts.

Question 4

4 styles of parenting:

Answer 4

Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved

Question 5

Parents differ along 2 broad child-rearing dimensions:

Answer 5

Acceptance/ responsiveness and demandingness/control

Question 6

Authoritative parents:

Answer 6

Accepting and demanding parents who appeal to reason in order to enforce their demands tend to raise highly competent, well-adjusted children

Question 7

Authoritarian parents:

Answer 7

Less accepting but more demanding; their children display somewhat less favorable developmental outcomes

Question 8

Permissive parents:

Answer 8

Accepting but undemanding; their children display somewhat less favourable developmental outcomes

Question 9

Uninvolved parents:

Answer 9

Unaccepting, unresponsive, and undemanding; are often deficient in virtual all aspects of psychological functioning

Question 10

Research on parental control favors:

Answer 10

Use of behavioural control over psychological control

Question 11

Transactional model:

Answer 11

Developmentalists believe that a complete account of family socialization involves reciprocal influences between parents & their children

Question 12

Siblings are likely to get along and do may nice things for one another, particularly if:

Answer 12

Parents get along, encourage their kids to resolve conflicts amicably, and do not consistently favour one child more than the others.

Question 13

Adopted children de offer more satisfied with their family lives in:

Answer 13

Open adoption systems that allow them to learn about their biological roots

Question 14

Children conceived through donor insemination:

Answer 14

Are just as well adjusted as children raised by 2 biological parents

Question 15

Gay and lesbian parents are just as effective as heterosexual parts; their kids tend to be:

Answer 15

Well adjusted and overwhelmingly heterosexual in orientation

Question 16

Children’s initial reactions to divorce:

Answer 16

Anger, fear, depression, and guilt.

Question 17

Visible signs of distress to divorce:

Answer 17

May be most apparent in younger children and those with difficult temperaments.

Girls seem to adjust better than boys to life in a single parent, mother-headed home.

Question 18

_____ adjust better than _____ to having a step parent

Answer 18

Boys

Girls

Question 19

Adjustment outcomes are better in _____ stepparent hones than ____.

Answer 19

Simple

Complex

Question 20

Which children are more vulnerable to abuse?

Answer 20

Highly impulsive, sick, irritable, emotionally unresponsive.
Children with intellectual disabilities

Question 21

When is incidence of child abuse highest?

Answer 21

When stressed coregues live in high-risk neighborhoods when they are isolated from sources of social support + the broader culture approves of force as a means of resolving conflicts and/or as an acceptable parenting practice.

Question 22

What programs designed to assist abused children + their abusive parents have achieved some success?

Answer 22

Comprehensive programs ( including virtual reality)

Question 23

Family social system

Answer 23

Complex network of relationships, interactions, and patterns of influence that characterize a family with 3 or more members

Question 24

Behavioral control vs. Psychological control

Answer 24

• Attempts to regulate a child’s conduct through firm discipline and monitoring of his or her conduct
• attempts to influence a child’s behaviour by such psychological factors as with holding affection and/or inducing shame or guilt

Question 25

Parent-effects model

Answer 25

Model of family influence in which parents (particularly mothers) are believed to influence the children rather than vice versa.

Question 26

Child-effects model

Answer 26

Model of family influence in which children are believed to influence their parents rather than via versa

Question 27

Sociability:

Answer 27

A person’s willingness to engage others in social interaction and to seek their attention or approval.

Question 28

By 18 months of age:

Answer 28

Toddlers begin to display clearly social coordinated interactions with age-mates.

Question 29

By age 20 - 24 months:

Answer 29

Toddlers’ play has a strong verbal component.
Often describe their activities to each other or attempt to direct the role their playmate should assume.

Corresponds with complementary role-taking such as chaser or chasee in a game of tag.

Cooperate to achieve a shared goal.

Question 30

Mildred Parten observed 2.5-4.5 year olds during free play periods at nursery school, looking for developmental changes in the social complexity of peer interactions. She classified their play activities into 5 categories arranged from least to most socially complex:

Answer 30

1. Nonsocial activity : kids watch others play or play on their own & ignore others
2. Onlooker play: kids linger around other kids, watching them play but not trying to join in.
3. Parallel play: kids play side-by-side but interact with each other little and don’t try to influence the behaviour of the other children
4. Associative play: kids now shore toys + swap materials but each kid is focused mostly on their own play + don’t cooperate with each other to achieve shared goals.
5. Cooperative play: kids now act out make-believe themes, assume reciprocal rules in their play together, and collaborate to achieve shared goals.

Question 31

_____ & _______ decline with age, whereas _______ & ______ become more common

Answer 31

Solitary and parallel play

Associative and cooperative play

Question 32

Howes and Matheson found that:

Answer 32

Play became more + more cognitively complex with age

Pretend play serves three crucial developmental functions:
- helps kids learn ways of communicating effectively with their social equals
- provides opportunities for younger children to learn to compromise as they negotiate the roles they will take in their play
- provides a context that allows kids to display feelings that may bother them, which gives them opportunities to 1) better understand their own/others emotional crises 2) receive from/provide to playmates social support 3) develop a sense of trust & close emotional ties to playmates

Question 33

Peer group:

Answer 33

Group of peers that interacts regularly, defines a sense of membership, and formulates norms that specify how members are supposed to look, think, and act.

Question 34

Parents of appropriately sociable preschool children tend to be warm, accepting companions who:

Answer 34

1) indirectly monitor their children’s interactions with peers to ensure that they comply with rules of social etiquette while 2) allowing children considerable freedom to structure their own play activities & resolve minor disputes on their own

Question 35

Shyness vs social reticence:

Answer 35

Shy = socially inhibited, by fear or low self-confidence, + experience negative emotions and perceptions because they actually do want to interact with their peers

Socially reticent = kids who don’t actively engage in group activity but may enjoy onlooker or unoccupied play.

Question 36

Sociometric techniques:

Answer 36

Procedures that ask children to identity those peers they like or dislike or to rate peers for their desirability as companions; used to measure children’s peer acceptance or nonacceptance.

Question 37

When sociometric data are analyzed, it is usually possible to classify each child into one of the following categories:

Answer 37

Popular children = liked by many peers, disliked by few.
Rejected children = disliked by many peers, liked by few
Neglected children = receive very few nominations of either type, seem invisible to peers.
Controversial children = liked by many peers but disliked by many others.
Average-status children = liked or disliked by a moderate number of peers.

Question 38

Two categories of rejected children:

Answer 38

Rejected-aggressive: display high levels of hostility and aggression in that interactions with peers

Rejected-withdrawn: often passive, socially anxious, socially unskilled, and insensitive to peer group expectations.

Question 39

Prospective study:

Answer 39

Study in which the suspected causes or contributors to a developmental outcome are assessed earlier to see if they accurately forecast the developments they are presumed to influence.

Question 40

Coaching:

Answer 40

Cognitive social learning technique in which an adult displays and explains various socially skilled behaviours, allows the child to practise them, and provides feedback aimed at improving the child’s performances.

Question 41

Social problem- solving training:

Answer 41

Method of social skills training in which an adult helps children (through role-playing or role-taking training) to make less hostile attributions about harmdoing and to generate nonaggressive solutions to conflict.

Question 42

When do modelling programs work best?

Answer 42

When the model is similar to the target child and win his socially skillful actions are accompanied by sure form of commentary that directs the child’s attention to the purposes and benefits of behaving appropriately toward peers.

Question 43

Ownness effect

Answer 43

Tenancy of parents in complex stepparent homes to favour, and be more involved with their own biological children, than with their stepchildren

Question 44

Complex stepparent home

Answer 44

Family consisting of two married (or cohabiting) adults, each of whom has at least one biological child living at home

Question 45

Simple stepparent home

Answer 45

Family consisting of a parent and his or her biological children and a step parent

Question 46

Child abuse investigations typically result in:

Answer 46

One of three outcomes:
Substantiated
Suspected
Unfounded

Question 47

abusive parents:

Answer 47

Tend to be emotionally insecure, favour authoritarian control over authoritative techniques, rely heavily on severely punitive tactics, tend to have been exposed to harsh punishments and abusive relationships themselves, have little social support, low self-esteem

Question 48

Why are children with intellectual disabilities more vulnerable to abuse?

Answer 48

1-may have language delays that make it tough to articulate an allegation
2-may not be able to contextualize their experiences and/or realize the behaviour of a caregiver or teacher is not appropriate
3-police & prosecutors often reluctant to investigate cases involving kids with intellectual disabilities because they feel it would be too difficult to interview and gather a convincing allegation from them
4-fears that a child with intellectual disabilities would find it more difficult and traumatic to testify

Question 49

Immediate consequences of abuse and neglect:

Answer 49

Children who are neglected or abused tend to display a number of serious problems, such as: intellectual deficits, academic difficulties, depression, social anxiety, low self-esteem, disturbed relationship with children and peers.

Question 50

Behavioural correlates of physical abuse:

Answer 50

Hostility, aggression, disordered social relationships, rejection by peers

Question 51

Long term consequences of abuse and neglect:

Answer 51

Lack of normal empathy in response to distress of peers
Children who are physically abused are at risk of becoming abusive companions who have learned from their own experiences that distress signals irritate others and elicit angry responses rather than sympathy.

Question 52

Three major approaches to preventing child sexual abuse:

Answer 52

Offender management, identification of risk factors, school-based educational programs