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Psyc 2110 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

Systematic continuities and changes in the individual over the course of life

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2
Q

What are developmental continuities?

A

Ways in which we remain stable over time or continue to reflect our past

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3
Q

What is maturation?

A

Developmental changes in the body or behaviour that result from the aging process rather than learning, injury, illness, or some other life experience

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4
Q

What is learning?

A

Relatively permanent change in behavier (or behavioural potential) that results from one’s experiences or practice

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5
Q

Most developmental changes are product of:

A

Both maturation and learning

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6
Q

What are the major goals of the developmental sciences?

A

To describe, explain, and to optimize development

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7
Q

What is normative development?

A

Developmental changes that characterize most or all members of a species; typical patterns of development

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8
Q

What is ideographic development?

A

Individual variations in the rate, extent, or direction of development

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9
Q

Explanation of development focuses on both:

A

Normative changes within individuals and variations in development between individuals

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10
Q

Any definition of optimal development depends on what?

A

Cultural and societal values

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11
Q

Prenatal period:

A

Conception to birth

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12
Q

Infancy:

A

Birth to 18 months old

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13
Q

Toddler period:

A

18 months to 3 years

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14
Q

Preschool period:

A

3-5 years of age

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15
Q

Middle childhood:

A

5-12 years of age (approximately.) until onset of puberty

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16
Q

Adolescence:

A

12-20 years approximately

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17
Q

Young adulthood:

A

20-40 years of age

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18
Q

Middle age:

A

40-65 years of age

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19
Q

Old age:

A

65 years of age

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20
Q

Human development is continual and lifelong. The ore constant is:

A

Change

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21
Q

Prior to the holistic perspective; developmentalists were divided into 3 camps. What were they?

A
  1. Those who studied physical growth and dev, including bodily changes and sequencing of motor skills.
  2. those who studied cognitive aspects of dev., including perception language/ learning /thinking
  3. Those who studied psychosocial aspects of dev., including emotions, personality, and growth of interpersonal relationships
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22
Q

What is the holistic perspective?

A

Unified view of the dev. process that emphasizes the important interrelationships among the mental, physical, social, emotional aspects of human dev.

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23
Q

What is plasticity?

A

Capacity for change; a developmental state that has the potential to be shaped by experience

24
Q

Development is also influenced by:

A

Historical and cultural context. Each culture and social class transmits a particular pattern of beliefs, values, customs, and skills to its younger generations.

25
Q

Describe Hobbes’s doctrine of original sin.

A

He believed children are inherently selfish ego-ists who most be restrained by society,

26
Q

Describe Rousseau’s doctrine of innate purity

A

He believed that children are born with an intuitive sense of right and wrong that society often corrupts.

27
Q

Describe Locke’s view of children

A

Mind of an infant is a blank slate; kids have no inborn tendencies

28
Q

Describe Rousseau, Hobbes, Locke perspective re: child as active or passive in their own development

A

Hobbes: kid is passive; most be moulded by parents,
Locke: kid is passive; mind is blank slate upon which experience writes its lessons. Rousseau: children are actively involved in the shaping of their own intellects and personalities

29
Q

What were baby biographies?

A

Investigators began to observe the development of their kids and published the data.
Detailed records of an infant’s growth + development over a period of time.

30
Q

What did Darwin believe about child development?

A

That young, untrained infants share many characteristics with their nonhuman ancestors, and thought the development of the individual child retraces the entire evolutionary history of the species; illustrating he “descent of man”.

31
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

The use of objective and replicable methods to gather data for the purpose of testing a theory or hypothesis. Dictates that investigators must be objective and allow their data to decide the merits of their thinking.

32
Q

What is a theory?

A

A set of concepts and propositions designed to organize, describe, and explain an existing set of observations.

33
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A theoretical prediction abut some aspect of experience.

34
Q

What does it mean for a method to be replicable?

A

That every time the method is used, it results in the same data and conclusions.

35
Q

Regardless of the technique used, scientifically used measures must always display:

A

Reliability and validity

36
Q

What is reliability?

A

The extent to which a measuring instrument yields consistent results, both over time and across observers

37
Q

What is validity?

A

The extent to which a measuring instrument accurately reflects what the researchers intended to measure

38
Q

3 common procedures developmentalists use to gather info and test hypotheses:

A

Interviews, questionnaires, the clinical method.

39
Q

What is a structured interview or structured questionnaire?

A

A technique in which all participants are asked the same questions in precisely the same order so that the responses of different participants can be compared.

40
Q

What is the clinical method?

A

A type of interview in which a participant’s response to each successive question or problem determines what the investigator will ask next.

41
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

Scientist tests hypotheses by observing people as they engage in everyday activities in their natural habitats.

42
Q

What is observer influence and how is it minimized?

A
  • Tendency of participants to react to an observer’s presence by behaving in unusual ways.
    A) videotaping participants from a concealed spot. B) spending time in the setting before collecting their data so he people they observe are used to them and behave naturally
43
Q

What is time-sampling?

A

Procedure in which the investigator records the frequencies with which individuals display particular behaviours during the brief time intervals that each is observed

44
Q

What is structured observation?

A

An observational method in which the investigator cues the behaviour of interest and observes participants responses in a lab

45
Q

What is a case study?

A

A research method in which the investigator gathers extensive into about the life of an individual and then tests developmental hypotheses by analyzing the events of the persons life history

46
Q

What is ethnography?

A

Method in which the research seeks to understand the unique values, traditions and social processes of a culture or subculture by living with its members and making extensive observations and notes.

47
Q

What are psychophysiological methods?

A

Methods that measure the relationships between physiological processes and aspects of children’s physical, cognitive, social, or emotional behaviour / development.

48
Q

Examples of psychophysiological methods

A

Heart rate, EEGs, eye tracking

49
Q

Strengths + limitations of interviews and questionnaires:

A
  • Quick way to gather lots of info, standardized format allows investigator to make direct comparisons btw data provided by different participants
  • data collected may be inaccurate or less than completely honest, or may reflect variations in respondent’s verbal skills and ability to understand questions.
50
Q

Strengths + limitations of clinical method:

A
  • Flexible methodology that treats subjects as unique individuals; freedom to probe can be an aid in ensuring that the participant understands the meaning of the questions asked
  • conclusions drawn may be unreliable; flexible probes = subjective interpretation of investigator; can only be used with highly verbal participants.
51
Q

Strengths + limitations of naturalistic observation

A

Allows study of behaviour as it actually occurs in the natural environs

Observed behaviers may be influenced by observers presence; unusual or undesirable behaviers not likely to be observed during period when observations made.

52
Q

Strengths + limitations of structured observation:

A

-Standardized ervironnt that every kid an opportunity to peforn target behaviour; excellent way to observe infrequent or socially undesirable acts.

Contrived observations may not always capture the ways kids behave in natural environment

53
Q

Strengths + limitations of case studies

A

Broad method, considers many sources of data when drawing inferences + conclusions about individual participants.

Kind of data often differs case to case and may be inaccurate or dishonest; conclusions drawn are subjective and may not apply to others.

54
Q

Strengths + limitations of ethnography

A

Provides a richer description of cultural beliefs, values, and traditions than is possible in brief observational or interview studies

Conclusions may be biased by investigators values and theoretical viewpoints; results cannot be generalized beyond the groups and settings that were studied

55
Q

Strengths + limitations of psychophysiological methods

A

Used for assessing biological underpinnings of development and identifying he perceptions, thoughts, emotions of infants and toddlers (nonverbal).

Cannot indicate with certainty what patriots sense or feel; many facts other than the one being studied can produce a similar physiological response

Psyc 2110 (13 decks)

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