Chapter 13

Question 1

Self

Answer 1

The combination of physical and psychological attributes that is unique to each individual

Question 2

Social cognition

Answer 2

Thinking that people display about their own thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors, as well as those of other people.

Question 3

Proprioceptive feedback

Answer 3

Sensory information from the muscles, tendons and joints that help us locate the position of our body (or body parts) in space

Question 4

Personal agency

Answer 4

Recognition that one can be the cause of an event

Question 5

Self concept

Answer 5

One’s perceptions of one’s unique attributes or traits

Question 6

Self-recognition

Answer 6

The ability to recognize oneself in the mirror photograph.

A crucial milestone in the development of self

Question 7

Present self

Answer 7

Early self representation in which two and three year olds, recognize current representations of self but are unaware that past self representation, or self-relevant events have applications for the present

Question 8

Extended self

Answer 8

More mature self representation, emerging between ages 3 1/2 and five years, in which children are able to integrate past, current, and unknown future self-representations into a notion of self that endures over time

Question 9

Categorical self

Answer 9

A persons classification of the self along socially significant dimensions such as age and sex

Question 10

Social comparison

Answer 10

The process of defining and evaluating the self by comparing oneself to other people

Question 11

Achievement motivation

Answer 11

Willingness to strive to succeed at challenging tasks and to meet high standards of accomplishment

Question 12

Mastery motivation

Answer 12

An inborn motive to explore, understand, and control our environment

Question 13

Person perception

Answer 13

The process by which individuals attribute characteristics or traits to other people

Question 14

Behavioural comparisons phase

Answer 14

The tendency to form impressions of others by comparing and contrasting their overt behaviours

Question 15

Psychological constructs phase

Answer 15

The tendency to base our impressions of others on the stable traits these individuals are presumed to have

Question 16

Psychological comparisons phase

Answer 16

The tendency to form impressions of others by comparing and contrasting these individuals on abstract psychological dimensions

Question 17

Cognitive - developmental theory

Answer 17

According to cognitive – developmental theorists, the way that children think about the self and other people largely depend on their own levels of cognitive development.

3-6 “preoperational” kids: describe peers in concrete, observable terms

7-10 “concrete operational” kids: become more attuned to regularities in their own and others conduct & use psychological constructs, or traits, to describe these patterns.

12-14 “formal operations” kids: think more logically and systematically about abstractions

Question 18

Selman’s role-taking theory

Answer 18

According to Selman, children gain much richer, understandings of themselves, and other people, as they acquire the ability to discriminate their own perspectives from those of their companions and to see the relationships between these potentially discrepant points of view.

Stages:
0: egocentric or undifferentiated perspective. 3-6 years.
1: social-informational role taking. 6-8 years.
2: self-reflective role taking. 8-10 years.
3. Mutual role taking. 10-12 years.
4. Societal role taking. 12-15+

Question 19

Social experience as a contributor to role taking

Answer 19

Equal status contacts among peers are an important contributor to social perspective taking & the growth of interpersonal understanding