Chapter 12

Question 1

Emotions babies display at birth:

Answer 1

Interest, distress, disgust, and contentment

Question 2

Anger, sadness, surprise, and fear normally appear by:

Answer 2

The middle of the first year

Question 3

What emotions emerge in second or third year?

Answer 3

Embarrassment, envy, pride, guilt and shame. After children achieve self-recognition and self-evaluation.

Question 4

Emotional self-regulation:

Answer 4

Begins by the end of the first year. Ability to regulate emotions develops very slowly. Toddlers gradually more from being dependent on others to regulate their emotions to being able to self-regulate. Elementary school children gradually become able to comply with culturally defined emotional display rules.

Question 5

Infants capable of social referencing by:

Answer 5

8-10 months

Question 6

Temperament:

Answer 6

A person’s tendency to respond in predictable ways to environmental events

Influenced by genetic and environmental factors

Question 7

Temperamental attributes:

Answer 7

Some like activity level, irritability, sociability, and behavioural inhibition are moderately stable over time

Often cluster in easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up profiles

Kids with difficult + slow to warm up temperamental profiles are at great risk of experiencing adjustment problems, depending on the goodness - of-fit between parenting and temperamental attributes

Question 8

How do infants become attached?

Answer 8

Infants pass through an asocial phase and a phase of indiscriminate attachment before forming their first true attachments at 7-9 months of age during the phase of specific attachment

Attached infants use their attachment object as a secure base for exploration and eventually enter the phase of multiple attachments

Question 9

Theories of attachment:

Answer 9

Cognitive - developmental notion that attachments depend on cognitive development has received some support

Ethnological theory argues that humans have preadapted characteristics that predispose them to form attachments

Question 10

Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety:

Answer 10

Stem from infants wariness of strange situations and their inability to explain who strangers are and the whereabouts of absent companions.

Usually decline in the second year as toddlers mature intellectually and venture away from their second bases to explore

Question 11

Attachment classifications:

Answer 11

Secure, resistant, avoidant, disorganized/disoriented

Distribution varies across cultures & often reflects cultural differences in child-rearing practices

Question 12

Factors that influence attachment security:

Answer 12

Sensitive, responsive caregiving is associated with development of secure attachments

Inconsistent, neglectful, over intrusive, and abusive caregiving predict insecure attachments

Environmental factors like poverty and a stormy marital relationship also contribute to insecure attachment

Infant characteristics and temperamental attributes may also influence attachment quality by affecting the character of caregiver-infant interactions

Question 13

Attachment and later Development

Answer 13

Secure attachment during infancy predicts intellectual curiosity and social competence later in childhood

Infants may form internal working models of themselves & others that are often stable over time & influence their reactions to people and challenges for years to come

Parents’ working models correspond closely with those of their children & contribute to the attachments infants form

Children’s working models can change (secure attachment history doesn’t guarantee positive attachments later in life; insecure attachments are not a certain indication of poor life outcomes

Question 14

Internal working models

Answer 14

Cognitive representations of self, others, & relationships that infants construct from their interactions with caregivers

Question 15

Caregiving hypothesis

Answer 15

Ainsworth’s notion that the type of attachment that an infant develops with a particular caregiver depends primarily on the kind of caregiving he or she has received from that person

Question 16

Temperament hypothesis

Answer 16

Kagan’s view that the strange situation measures individual differences in infants temperaments rather than the quality of their attachments

Question 17

Strange situation:

Answer 17

A series of eight seperation and reunion episodes to which infants are exposed in order to determine the quality of their attachments

Question 18

Secure attachment

Answer 18

Infant-caregiver bond in which child welcomes contact with a close companion and uses this person as a secure base from which to explore the environment

Question 19

Resistant attachment

Answer 19

Insecure infant-caregiver bond characterized by strong separation protest and a tendency of the child to remain near but resist contract initiated by the caregiver, particularly after a separation

Question 20

Avoidant attachment

Answer 20

Insecure infant-caregiver bond, characterized by little separation protest and a tendency of the child to avoid or ignore the caregiver

Question 21

Disorganized/disoriented attachment

Answer 21

Insecure infant-caregiver bond characterized by the infants dazed appearance on reunion or a tendency to first seek then abruptly avoid the caregiver

Question 22

Asocial phase

Answer 22

0-6 weeks. Many kinds of social or nonsocial stimuli produce a favourable reaction and a few produce any kind of protest. By the end of the period, infants are beginning to show a preference for social stimuli, such as a smiling face.

Question 23

Phase of indiscriminate attachments

Answer 23

6 weeks -7 months.

Infants smile more at people than at other lifelike objects like talking puppets, and are likely to fuss whenever any adult puts them down. They seem to enjoy the attention they receive from just about anyone including strangers.

Question 24

Specific attachment phase

Answer 24

7-9 months.

Infants begin to protest only when separated from one particular individual, usually the mother. They also become somewhat wary of strangers. According to Schaeffer and Emerson, they have established their first genuine attachments.

Question 25

Phase of multiple attachments

Answer 25

9-18 months.

When infants are forming attachments to companions other than their primary attachment object

Question 26

Synchronized routines

Answer 26

Generally harmonious interactions between two persons in which participants adjust their behaviour in response to the partners feelings and behaviours

Question 27

Easy temperament

Answer 27

Temperamental profile, in which the child quickly establishes regular routines, is generally good-natured, and adapts easily to novelty.

Question 28

Difficult temperament

Answer 28

Temperamental profile in which the child is irregular in daily routines and adapts slowly to new experiences, often responding negatively and intensely.

Question 29

Slow-to-warm-up temperament

Answer 29

Temperamental profile in which the child is inactive and moody and displays mild passive resistance to new routines and experiences

Question 30

Goodness-of-fit model

Answer 30

Thomas and Chess’s notion that development is likely to be optimized when parents’ child-rearing practices are sensitively adapted to the child’s temperamental characteristics

Question 31

Social referencing

Answer 31

The use of others’ emotional expressions to infer the meaning of otherwise ambiguous situations

Question 32

Basic emotions

Answer 32

The set of emotions present at birth, or emerging early in the first year, that some theorist believe to be biologically programmed

Question 33

Complex emotions

Answer 33

Self-conscious or self-evaluative emotions that emerge in the second year and depend, in part, on cognitive development