chapter 16 Flashcards
what is sexual reproduction
- young is formed when two nuclei of two sex cells (egg and spem) fuses together
- fertilisation
what happens when fertilisation take place
- it develops into an embryo and eventually into an individual
- contains genetic material from parents
heredity
- passing down of genetic material from one generation to another
how does mixing of traits occur
- individual inherits genetic material from nucleus of egg and sperm in unique combination
- different combination results in similarities/differences between individual and their parents/siblings
- diseases and disorders can be carried in genetic material (parent -> offspring)
puberty
- 11-14 years
- hormones are produced by the body
- chemicals produced by different parts of the body
- control and coordinate activities throughout the body by triggering other organs to functions
- small quantities in blood, play huge effect on many organ systems
puberty in boys
- height and weight increase
- voice deepens
- facial hair, armpit hair, pubic hair appear
- muscle strength increase
- production of sperm begins
puberty in girls
- height and weight increase
- breast begin to develop
- hips broaden and become rounder
- armpit hair and pubic hair appear
- maturation of eggs begins
male reproductive system
- sex glands
- sperm duct
- urethra
- testis
- penis
sex glands (m)
produce nutrients fluid to nourish sperm
sperm duct (m)
carries sperm from testes to urethra
urethra (M)
- tube that allows sperm to pass through during ejaculation
- allows urine to be removed
testis (M)
- produces sperm
- produces mle sex hormones that control sexual development in body
penis
- deposits semen (white liquid made up of nutrient fluid and sperm) into vagina during ejaculation
female reproductive system
- oviduct
- ovary
- uterus
- cervix
- vagina
oviduct (fallopian tubes)
- tube which an egg is released from the ovary
- fertilisation takes place here
ovary
- produces egg
- produces female sex hormones that control sexual development in body
uterus
- muscular organ where embryo develops into foetus during pregnancy
- contains a lining called the uterine lining, which thickens to prepare for implantation
- lining breaks down when fertilisation does not occur
cervix
- opening of uterus
- connects uterus to vagina
vagina
- sperm is deposited here
- birth canal
fertilisation definition
- fusion of male and female sex cells
fertilisation process
- penis deposits semen containing sperm into the vagina
- sperm cells swim through cervix, uterus and into the oviduct
- sperm cell meets egg cell in oviduct
- fertilisation occurs when the nucleus of the sperm and egg fuse together
what happens after fertilisation
- fertilised egg develops to embryo
- embryo travels down the oviduct towards the uterus
- implanted in the wall of the uterus, where it develops into a foetus
what happens if fertilisation does not occur
- reproduction cannot take place , no offspring is produced
menstruation process
- ovaries take turns to release egg cell every 28 days in preparation for fertilisation
- lining on the wall in the uterus thickens, with many blood vessels formed to receive a fertilised egg
- when fertilisation does not occur, lining of the uterus and blood vessels break down and are discharged through the vagina with the unfertilised egg
menstrual cycle phases
- days 1-5
- days 6-9
- days 10-15
- days 16-28
days 1-5
- menstruation occurs
days 6-9
- lining of wall of uterus thickens, many blood vessels forming in it
- prepares uterus for implantation of embryo if fertilisation occurred
days 10-15
- 1 ovary will release an egg into oviduct around day 14 (ovulation)
- most fertile
- having sex will likely result in pregnancy
days 16-28
- uterine lining continues to thicken
- if no fertilisation takes place, menstruation will occur again after day 28
why days 10-15 is most fertile period
- egg survives a day after it is released
- sperm survives around 3-5 days
- sperm may be alive on days 14/15 for fertilisation
development of fetus
- 2 months for embryo to grow into a foetus with developed organs
- if mother has poor nourishment, foetus may suffer from poor nourishment
effects of substance abuse on foetus
1) baby may be born premature
- require intensive care as organs may not be fully developed
2) born with low birth weight
- undeveloped immune systems + higher risk of infections
3) smoking affects development of foetus’ heart, lungs, brain
- develop respiratory problems later in life
- suffer from obesity and diabetes
4) alcohol consumption + drugs can lead to physical, intellectual and behaviour challenges to child
- difficulty paying attention
birth control methods
- rhythm method
- condom
- spermicide
- IUD
- birth control
- diaphragm
how brith control works
- disrupting certain processes and/or functions of certain organs in human reproductive systems
- can be temporary and permanent
rhythm method
- not engaging in sex when the woman is ovulating/fertile period
- can be unreliable and pregnancy can still occur
condoms
- rubber covering
- place over penis before sex to prevent sperm from entering uterus
spermicide ouch
- cream that kills sperm in vagina
- used alone or plus other methods
- applied near cervix OUCH
IUD: intra-uterine device
- contains copper and is inserted into the uterus by a doctor
- prevents sperm from fertilising an egg
- prevents embryo from being implanted into the uterus
- last 3-10 years
birth control pills
- contains female sex hormones that disrupt release of eggs from ovaries
- prevents fertilisation
diaphragm
- dome shaped, made of plastic
- placed in vagina to cover cervix
- prevents sperm from entering uterus and reaching oviducts
permanent birth control methods
- tubal ligation
- vasectomy
tubal ligation (F)
- oviducts are surgically cut and tied
- eggs released from ovaries cannot reach oviducts and be fertilised
vasectomy (M)
- sperm ducts are sugically cut and tied
- sperm cannot be released from body
- during ejaculation, semen will not contain sperm
- sperm produced in eventually broken down in testes
abortion
deliberate termination of a pregnancy
- foetus is removed though the use of medication/surgical means
negative effects of abortion
- damage may be done to the uterus, resulting in bleeding
- abortion may result in infertility due to damaged uterus
- develop infection
sexually transmitted infections transmitted through
- blood transfusion
- sharing of unsterilised or contaminated needles
- from mother to infant during birth/breast feeding
types of STIs
- syphilis
- gonorrhoea
- human immunodeficiency disease
syphillis
- type
- symptoms
- long term
1) bacteria
- painless sores and red rashed
- fever
- headache
- sore throat
- patchy hair loss
- weight loss
- muscle ache
- fatigue
- blindness
- paralysis
- major brain/heart damage
gonnorrhoea
1) bacterial
- burning sensation during urination
- discharge of pus from penis/vagina
- pain in lower abdomen
- infertility
- long-term pelvic/abdominal pain
human immunodeficiency virus
1) viral
- flu-like symptoms (developed in later stages of the infection )
- development of Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome if left untreated (weakened immune systems)
- complication from other infections
- death
antibiotics
- kills bacteria
- cures syphilis and gonorrhoea
- cannot kill virus (HIV)
