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yr 2 science eye > chapter 16 > Flashcards

chapter 16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is sexual reproduction

A
  • young is formed when two nuclei of two sex cells (egg and spem) fuses together
  • fertilisation
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2
Q

what happens when fertilisation take place

A
  • it develops into an embryo and eventually into an individual
  • contains genetic material from parents
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3
Q

heredity

A
  • passing down of genetic material from one generation to another
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4
Q

how does mixing of traits occur

A
  • individual inherits genetic material from nucleus of egg and sperm in unique combination
  • different combination results in similarities/differences between individual and their parents/siblings
  • diseases and disorders can be carried in genetic material (parent -> offspring)
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5
Q

puberty

A
  • 11-14 years
  • hormones are produced by the body
  • chemicals produced by different parts of the body
  • control and coordinate activities throughout the body by triggering other organs to functions
  • small quantities in blood, play huge effect on many organ systems
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6
Q

puberty in boys

A
  • height and weight increase
  • voice deepens
  • facial hair, armpit hair, pubic hair appear
  • muscle strength increase
  • production of sperm begins
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7
Q

puberty in girls

A
  • height and weight increase
  • breast begin to develop
  • hips broaden and become rounder
  • armpit hair and pubic hair appear
  • maturation of eggs begins
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8
Q

male reproductive system

A
  • sex glands
  • sperm duct
  • urethra
  • testis
  • penis
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9
Q

sex glands (m)

A

produce nutrients fluid to nourish sperm

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10
Q

sperm duct (m)

A

carries sperm from testes to urethra

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11
Q

urethra (M)

A
  • tube that allows sperm to pass through during ejaculation
  • allows urine to be removed
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12
Q

testis (M)

A
  • produces sperm
  • produces mle sex hormones that control sexual development in body
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13
Q

penis

A
  • deposits semen (white liquid made up of nutrient fluid and sperm) into vagina during ejaculation
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14
Q

female reproductive system

A
  • oviduct
  • ovary
  • uterus
  • cervix
  • vagina
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15
Q

oviduct (fallopian tubes)

A
  • tube which an egg is released from the ovary
  • fertilisation takes place here
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16
Q

ovary

A
  • produces egg
  • produces female sex hormones that control sexual development in body
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17
Q

uterus

A
  • muscular organ where embryo develops into foetus during pregnancy
  • contains a lining called the uterine lining, which thickens to prepare for implantation
  • lining breaks down when fertilisation does not occur
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18
Q

cervix

A
  • opening of uterus
  • connects uterus to vagina
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19
Q

vagina

A
  • sperm is deposited here
  • birth canal
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20
Q

fertilisation definition

A
  • fusion of male and female sex cells
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21
Q

fertilisation process

A
  • penis deposits semen containing sperm into the vagina
  • sperm cells swim through cervix, uterus and into the oviduct
  • sperm cell meets egg cell in oviduct
  • fertilisation occurs when the nucleus of the sperm and egg fuse together
22
Q

what happens after fertilisation

A
  • fertilised egg develops to embryo
  • embryo travels down the oviduct towards the uterus
  • implanted in the wall of the uterus, where it develops into a foetus
23
Q

what happens if fertilisation does not occur

A
  • reproduction cannot take place , no offspring is produced
24
Q

menstruation process

A
  • ovaries take turns to release egg cell every 28 days in preparation for fertilisation
  • lining on the wall in the uterus thickens, with many blood vessels formed to receive a fertilised egg
  • when fertilisation does not occur, lining of the uterus and blood vessels break down and are discharged through the vagina with the unfertilised egg
25
Q

menstrual cycle phases

A
  • days 1-5
  • days 6-9
  • days 10-15
  • days 16-28
26
Q

days 1-5

A
  • menstruation occurs
27
Q

days 6-9

A
  • lining of wall of uterus thickens, many blood vessels forming in it
  • prepares uterus for implantation of embryo if fertilisation occurred
28
Q

days 10-15

A
  • 1 ovary will release an egg into oviduct around day 14 (ovulation)
  • most fertile
  • having sex will likely result in pregnancy
29
Q

days 16-28

A
  • uterine lining continues to thicken
  • if no fertilisation takes place, menstruation will occur again after day 28
30
Q

why days 10-15 is most fertile period

A
  • egg survives a day after it is released
  • sperm survives around 3-5 days
  • sperm may be alive on days 14/15 for fertilisation
31
Q

development of fetus

A
  • 2 months for embryo to grow into a foetus with developed organs
  • if mother has poor nourishment, foetus may suffer from poor nourishment
32
Q

effects of substance abuse on foetus

A

1) baby may be born premature
- require intensive care as organs may not be fully developed
2) born with low birth weight
- undeveloped immune systems + higher risk of infections
3) smoking affects development of foetus’ heart, lungs, brain
- develop respiratory problems later in life
- suffer from obesity and diabetes
4) alcohol consumption + drugs can lead to physical, intellectual and behaviour challenges to child
- difficulty paying attention

33
Q

birth control methods

A
  • rhythm method
  • condom
  • spermicide
  • IUD
  • birth control
  • diaphragm
34
Q

how brith control works

A
  • disrupting certain processes and/or functions of certain organs in human reproductive systems
  • can be temporary and permanent
35
Q

rhythm method

A
  • not engaging in sex when the woman is ovulating/fertile period
  • can be unreliable and pregnancy can still occur
36
Q

condoms

A
  • rubber covering
  • place over penis before sex to prevent sperm from entering uterus
37
Q

spermicide ouch

A
  • cream that kills sperm in vagina
  • used alone or plus other methods
  • applied near cervix OUCH
38
Q

IUD: intra-uterine device

A
  • contains copper and is inserted into the uterus by a doctor
  • prevents sperm from fertilising an egg
  • prevents embryo from being implanted into the uterus
  • last 3-10 years
39
Q

birth control pills

A
  • contains female sex hormones that disrupt release of eggs from ovaries
  • prevents fertilisation
40
Q

diaphragm

A
  • dome shaped, made of plastic
  • placed in vagina to cover cervix
  • prevents sperm from entering uterus and reaching oviducts
41
Q

permanent birth control methods

A
  • tubal ligation
  • vasectomy
42
Q

tubal ligation (F)

A
  • oviducts are surgically cut and tied
  • eggs released from ovaries cannot reach oviducts and be fertilised
43
Q

vasectomy (M)

A
  • sperm ducts are sugically cut and tied
  • sperm cannot be released from body
  • during ejaculation, semen will not contain sperm
  • sperm produced in eventually broken down in testes
44
Q

abortion

A

deliberate termination of a pregnancy
- foetus is removed though the use of medication/surgical means

45
Q

negative effects of abortion

A
  • damage may be done to the uterus, resulting in bleeding
  • abortion may result in infertility due to damaged uterus
  • develop infection
46
Q

sexually transmitted infections transmitted through

A
  • blood transfusion
  • sharing of unsterilised or contaminated needles
  • from mother to infant during birth/breast feeding
47
Q

types of STIs

A
  • syphilis
  • gonorrhoea
  • human immunodeficiency disease
48
Q

syphillis
- type
- symptoms
- long term

A

1) bacteria

  • painless sores and red rashed
  • fever
  • headache
  • sore throat
  • patchy hair loss
  • weight loss
  • muscle ache
  • fatigue
  • blindness
  • paralysis
  • major brain/heart damage
49
Q

gonnorrhoea

A

1) bacterial

  • burning sensation during urination
  • discharge of pus from penis/vagina
  • pain in lower abdomen
  • infertility
  • long-term pelvic/abdominal pain
50
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

A

1) viral

  • flu-like symptoms (developed in later stages of the infection )
  • development of Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome if left untreated (weakened immune systems)
  • complication from other infections
  • death
51
Q

antibiotics

A
  • kills bacteria
  • cures syphilis and gonorrhoea
  • cannot kill virus (HIV)

yr 2 science eye (12 decks)

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