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chapter 16 Flashcards

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AP® World History flashcards
1
Q

(16.1) Originally the eastern division of the Roman Empire, located at the strategic crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa, thereby controlling the route between Mediterranean and Black Sea

A

Byzantine Empire

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2
Q

(16.1) The body of water between Greece and the Anatolian peninsula

A

Aegean Sea

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3
Q

(16.1) Site of the imperial governments of the eastern Empire of Rome due to its strategic location

A

Constantinople

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4
Q

(16.1) Policy initiated by Constantine whereby the emperor controls not only the government, but also the ecclesiastical affairs of the church

A

Caesaropapism

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5
Q

(16.1) The most important of the Byzantine emperors, ruling from 527 to 565 CE

A

Justinian

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6
Q

(16.1) The ambitious wife, supporter, and adviser to the emperor Justinian

A

Theodora

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7
Q

(16.1) One of the world’s most important examples of Christian architecture with a magnificent dome

A

Hagia Sophia

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8
Q

(16.1) The most significant political contribution of the Emperor Justinian and the codification of all Roman law

A

Corpus Iuris Civilis

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9
Q

(16.1) A secret but highly effective incendiary weapon used by the Byzantine Forces

A

Greek Fire

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10
Q

(16.1) A Germanic general who deposed the last of the western emperors of the Roman Empire

A

Odoacer

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11
Q

(16.1) The most successful and influential of the Germanic peoples, they conquered Roman Gaul and became the preeminent political power in western Europe

A

Franks

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12
Q

(16.1) An aristocratic clan that extended Frankish power due to its founder Charles Martel

A

Carolingian Dynasty

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13
Q

(16.1) The greatest of the Carolingian kings, he ruled most of Europe for over 46 years

A

Charlemagne

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14
Q

(16.1) Charlemagne’s imperial officials who traveled annually to all jurisdictions to review the local authorities and keep courts under tight control (also known as…)

A

missi dominici, “envoys of the lord ruler”

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15
Q

(16.1) The weak and only surviving son of Charlemagne, he gradually lost control of the kingdom his powerful father had created

A

Louis the Pious

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16
Q

(16.2) Expert horsemen and descendants of nomadic tribes who had settled in Hungary, they raided throughout Europe beginning in the late 8th century

A

Magyars

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17
Q

(16.2) Seafaring raiders and plunderers from the north, they were the most feared of all of the invaders of Europe

A

Vikings

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18
Q

(16.2) The political and social order of medieval Europe, involving a hierarchy of lords and vassals who took charge of political and military affairs

A

feudalism

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19
Q

(16.2) The spiritual authority over lands that once comprised the Roman Empire, and devoted to strengthening the power of the western Christian church based in Rome

A

papacy

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20
Q

(16.2) The individual most responsible for an independent Roman church, he reasserted claim to papal primacy that the pope was the ultimate authority for all of the Christian church

A

Gregory I

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21
Q

(16.2) The leaders of the Byzantine church, they were appointed and controlled by the Byzantine emperors

A

patriarchs

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22
Q

(16.2) The idea that veneration of holy images used in the Byzantine church was essentially “idol worship” and therefore sinful, leading to the destruction of these religious images

A

iconoclasm

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23
Q

(16.2) Where individuals established communities to devote themselves to the pursuit of holiness rather than wordly success

A

monasticism

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24
Q

(16.2) An important and influential reformer and patriarch in Byzantium from 327 to 379 CE

A

St. Basil

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25
Q

(16.2) A reformer within the Roman church from 480 to 547 CE, he helped establish the rules for monastic life

A

St. Benedict

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26
Q

(16.2) Self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically imposed for religious reasons

A

asceticism

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27
Q

(16.2) By adapting the Benedict rules for monastic life, she provided guidance for the religious life of women living in convents

A

St. Scholastica

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28
Q

(16.2) Representatives of the Pope who hoped to induce the Germanic kings to adopt Christianity thereby influencing their subjects to do the same

A

missionaries

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29
Q

(16.2) A east/west split in the Christian church resulting in the Eastern Orthodox church in Byzantium and the Roman Catholic church in the west

A

schism

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30
Q

What is Christendom?

A

The impact of Christianity on the world

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31
Q

What were the two main parts that Christianity was halved into?

A
  • Eastern Orthodoxy in the Byzantine Empire
  • Roman Catholicism in the Germanic states of Europe
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32
Q

Where was Christianity inherited from?

A

The Roman Empire after Constantine’s Edict of Milan

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33
Q

When did tensions between the two halves of Medieval Christendom arrive?

A

8th century

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34
Q

What did the Catholic Church provide in Europe during the Middle Ages?

A

They provided the only civilizing force in Europe

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35
Q

What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?

A

Byzantium

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36
Q

What gave Byzantium strategic and commercial value?

A

Its location on the Bosporus (the Golden Horn)

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37
Q

What was Byzantium’s new imperial capital and why was it so important?

A

Constantinople; it was the site of imperial government after 330 CE.

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38
Q

Who constructed Constantinople and why did they choose to locate the capital where it was?

A
  • Roman Emperor Constantine constructed it
  • The eastern half of the empire was wealthier and more productive
  • Allowed a close eye on the Germanic tribes on the Danube and the Sassanid’s of Persia
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39
Q

Constantine’s reign marked the beginning of the political and religious philosophy known as what? Explain it as well

A

Caesaropapism. It was a system that gave the emperor a mixture of political and religious authority controlling both the church and the state

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40
Q

How long was Justinian’s reign and what did he accomplish during this time?

A
  • 527-565 CE
  • Construction programs like Hagia Sophia
  • Corpus iuris civilis (529-534)
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41
Q

Why was the Hagia Sophia so notable?

A
  • Dome was the largest in the world for almost 1000 years
  • Largest enclosed space for over 1000 years
  • Besides the pyramids, was the tallest structure on earth until the Eiffel Tower
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42
Q

Why was the Corpus iuris civilis so notable?

A
  • Justinian’s code was the codification of Roman law
  • Recognized as definitive legal text of the Roman world
  • His most long lasting political achievement
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43
Q

What was Justinian’s last great effort? Did he succeed?

A
  • To reconquer much of western Roman empire from Germanic people
  • Unsuccessful; he was unable to consolidate control of territories, Rome was ultimately abandoned
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44
Q

When did Arab Muslim forces take large areas of the Byzantine Empire?

A

7th century

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45
Q

How many times was Byzantium besieged, and when?

A

Twice; 674-678 CE and 717-718 CE

46
Q

Only through the use of what, was the Byzantine Empire able to defend against Muslim forces and hold Byzantium, Anatolia, Greece, & the Balkans?

A

Greek fire

47
Q

What was an important political innovation regarding the reorganization of Byzantine society?

A

Theme system

48
Q

How did the theme system work?

A
  • themes were provinces under military and civil control of generals to strengthen the empire
  • generals were appointed by the emperor who monitored control from the central imperial gov.
  • the soldiers were from peasant class, rewarded with land grants.
49
Q

When did Romulus Augustus give up the crown, and to who?

A

476 CE when Roman imperial authority in the west collapsed, he gave it to Odoacer.

50
Q

What happened to society when Roman imperial authority collapsed?

A
  • Administrative apparatus still in place, but cities lost population
  • Germanic tribes established a series of successor states: Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Lombards, & Franks
51
Q

What helped the Franks gain popularity? What did it lead to?

A

The conversion of King Clovis to Christianity. It led to a firm alliance with western Christian church in Rome

52
Q

Who was the first great hero of Christian Europe? What did he accomplish?

A

Charles Martel
* Began the Carolingian Dynasty
* Defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours (732 CE)
* Prevented the spread of Islam into western Europe

53
Q

Who was Pepin the Short? What did he accomplish?

A

Son of Charles Martel and father of Charlemagne
* First king to have been anointed by the Pope and granted spiritual authority (751-768)
* Fought and defeated the Lombards at the request of the Pope, their lands became the Papal States (Vatican)

54
Q

Who was Charlemagne? What did he accomplish?

A

Grandson of Charles Martel
* Established centralized imperial rule & capital at Aachen
* Ruled for over 40 years (769 AD to 814 AD)
* Began the Carolingian Renaissance
* Missi dominici
* Turned Frankish Kingdom into Frankish Empire

55
Q

Why did Charlemagne hesitate to take the title of Emperor?

A

He was afraid that an imperial claim would be a direct challenge to the Byzantine emperors who considered themselves to be the only legitimate successors to the Roman Empire. He ruled in fact

56
Q

What did the Carolingian Renaissance entail?

A
  • Recruiting of scholars in court
  • Invitation of Jews to settle in Frankish kingdom
  • Order of monasteries to begin schools
  • Beginning of palace schools
  • Creation of Carolingian miniscule font/script
57
Q

What happened on December 25th, 800 CE?

A

Charlemagne received the blessings of the Church as the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. Pope Leo III himself presented Charlemagne with his crown.

58
Q

What was Charlemagne’s relationship with Harun al Rashid

A
  • Diplomatic relationship
  • The two exchanged embassies three times during their reigns
  • In recognition of Charlemagne’s power, rival to that of Byzantine and Abbasid empires, Harun al Rashid presented him with a rare elephant
59
Q

How did the Byzantine emperors feel about the Pope’s crowning of Charlemagne?

A

They resented it and felt it was an insult to the power of the Byzantine empire

60
Q

Who was Louis the Pious? What did he fail to do? What did his death lead to?

A

Son of Charlemagne; King from 814-840; father of Charles the Bald, Lothair I, and Louis the German
* Failed to control the courts and local authorities
* Death led to civil war among three sons, eventually dividing Charlemagne’s empire into three parts in 843 CE

61
Q

What was the Treaty of Verdun (843 AD)?

A

The division of the Frankish Empire into three
* Charles the Bald rules West Frankland (later France)
* Lothair I rules the Middle Kingdom (disputed lands)
* Louis the German rules East Frankland (later becomes… you guessed it… Germany)

62
Q

What mainly contributed to the fall of the Carolingian empire/dynasty?

A

External pressures; Magyars from the east, Muslims from the south, Vikings from the north

63
Q

What was the greatest weapon of the Vikings? What could it do?

A

Greatest weapon was their ships
* Could have up to 300 warriors, 72 oars, and weigh up to 20 tons
* Could float fully loaded in only 3 feet of water (perfect for inland rivers)
* Overlapping board construction allowed the ship to flex in rough open seas
* Shallow drafts, allowed for river and open sea travel

64
Q

What was Norse expansion driven by? (three things)

A
  • Population pressure
  • Quest for wealth
  • Superior seafaring tech
65
Q

What did the Vikings attack from the ninth century forward? Why was it so effective/easy?

A
  • Villages, cities, and monasteries
  • Constantinople was sacked three times
  • Usually happened without warning
  • Carolingians had no navy and were dependent on local defenses
66
Q

What did the Viking use for their writing? What was the slab found in Oklahoma showcasing this script?

A
  • Used Runic alphabet
  • “Heavener Rune Stone” – 12 ft high, 10 ft wide, 16 in thick, with runic letters spelling out “Glomedal” or “Glome’s Valley”
  • Official theory is that the stone was a boundary marker from between 600 AD and 900 AD
67
Q

What were the two economies of Early Medieval Europe? What were their characteristics?

A

Byzantium:
* Economic powerhouse
* Controlled trade between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea
* Produced agricultural surplus
* benefitted from long-distance trade

Western Christendom
* Suffered from repeated invasions
* Invasions led to agricultural decline and isolation in Manorial economic system
* Political stability increased in 10th century, led to economic recovery

68
Q

What were some characteristics of Byzantine Peasantry?

A
  • Free peasantry kept Byzantium strong and was supported by the theme system
  • Peasants weren’t slaves but weren’t free either
  • Often bound to the land or worked as sharecroppers
69
Q

Why did the situation of Byzantine peasants decline after the 11th century?

A

The wealthy accumulated large estates, reducing the peasants to an increasingly dependent state

70
Q

What did trade routes introduce to Byzantine trade?

A
  • Brought key technologies (silk industry)
  • Led to expansion of crafts and industry after 6th century (due to location)
  • Standard currency of Bezant
  • Tax revenues from revived Silk Roads
71
Q

What caused the collapse of cities in Western Europe? How did this affect society?

A

The disruption of trades from invasions and political turmoil.
* Caused populations to shift to rural areas
* Commercial activities almost ended with limited small scale exchange
* Agricultural production increased due to farming innovations (heavy plows, water mills, special horse collar)

72
Q

Describe the rural societies of western Europe

A
  • Agricultural surplus sufficient for local elites, but not enough to sustain large urban population
  • Towns served as economic hubs of surrounding regions
73
Q

What were the different classes under feudalism?

A
  • Clergy: the only educated class.
  • Nobility: made of Kings, Lords, Vassals, & Knights.
  • Peasantry: Largest class, “serfs”
74
Q

Describe the difference between common Clergy and noble Clergy. What aspect did they share?

A

Common Clergy:
* From the peasantry
* Served as village priests or monks

Noble Clergy:
* The 2nd sons of nobility
* Served as Bishops, Cardinals, or Popes

Both provided the sacraments.

75
Q

How did feudalism work? (vague-ish & power-wise)

A
  • political power was held by local notables or Lords
  • this arrangement existed in the absence of strong central authorities
  • the important core was the relationship formed between Lord and retainer (vassal)
76
Q

What was the role of the Peasantry under feudalism? What were their limitations?

A
  • Provided labor and food for nobility & clergy
  • Bound to the land
  • Needed Lord’s permission to marry (prima nocta… yuuuuck)
  • Could not own land
77
Q

What was the role of Nobility under feudalism?

A
  • Controlled the land
  • Defended the land and protected their vassals & serfs
  • Inherited status (primogeniture)
78
Q

How did the population of Europe in the fifth and sixth centuries compare to that of the 8th century?

A

5th & 6th: Fluctuation due to disease and political turmoil
8th: Demographic recovery from increasing political stability, more productive agricultural techniques, & intro to new foods

79
Q

By the year 1000 CE, what happened to the population of Europe? Where?

A

It rose to about 36 million in the two provinces of Christendom

80
Q

How and why did Christian societies split up?

A
  • Two halves disagreed on doctrine, ritual, and church authority
  • two rival communities existed by 1054 CE: Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox
81
Q

What was Pope Gregory I later known as? What did he accomplish? (590-604 CE)

A
  • Later known as Gregory the Great
  • Asserted the doctrine of papal primacy
  • Emphasized the Sacrament of penance
82
Q

What did the Byzantine emperors treat the Orthodox church as?

A

They treated it as just another department of state

83
Q

Describe the role of Icons in Orthodox belief

A
  • Visual representations of Jesus, Saints, & other religious figures
  • Inspired reverence for holy personages through visual representations
  • Widespread throughout the belief
84
Q

When did Emperor Leo begin destroying icons (iconoclasm) and why? Was it permanent?

A

It began after 726 CE. He was convinced it was idol worship (a sin). It was not permanent: popular protests and riots caused the policy to be abandoned in 843 CE

85
Q

What’s the main similarity and difference between monasticism and asceticism?

A

Both deal with denying indulges or desires. However, monasticism is usually practiced in a religious community. Asceticism is a more broader or general practice.

86
Q

What else was St. Benedict of Nursia (480-547 CE) known as? Why?

A

He was known as the Father of Western Monasticism because he established the Benedictine Rules for Monastic Life. This was popular throughout western Europe

87
Q

How did St. Basil of Caesarea (329-379) contribute in the rise of monasticism?

A

He inspired St. Benedict, by establishing consistent rules for early monasteries in the Byzantine Empire

88
Q

What did monasticism do for society?

A
  • Monastaries act as schools for clergy, hospitals, and inns for travelers
  • Monks & nuns maintained libraries and knowledge, copied books, illuminated manuscripts
  • Ultimately spread Christianity across Europe
89
Q

As missionaries, where did Saints Cyril and Methodius take Byzantine Orthodoxy? What did they create to make the conversion easier?

A
  • They took the religion to Bulgaria and Moravia.
  • They created the Cyrillic alphabet to bring the bible to previously illiterate Slavic people.
90
Q

What led to the rise of the Russian Orthodox Church in 989 CE? What was the result?

A
  • The conversion of Vladimir the Great of Kiev to the Orthodox faith.
  • Kiev became the center of Byzantine cultural and religious influence in Russia
91
Q

When did the Turks capture Constantinople, and what did they rename it?

A

They captured it in 1453, renamed it to Istanbul

92
Q

True or False: While Franks invaded the northern Gaul, Visigoths invaded Italy.

A

False. Visigoths invaded Spain in the 470s.

93
Q

True or False: Clovis’ conversion to Arian Christianity led to a centuries-long relationship with the popes in Rome.

A

False. He converted to Catholicism

94
Q

True or false: Charlemagne was mistrustful of intellectual pursuits.

A

False

95
Q

The westernmost point of Viking expansion was…

A

Newfoundland

96
Q

England was unified in the ninth century by who?

A

King Alfred

97
Q

The medieval political system…

A

…made it difficult, but possible, to build powerful states.

98
Q

The most important political feature of the Byzantine state was…

A

its tightly centralized rule under a powerful emperor

99
Q

One of the biggest reasons for increased agricultural production in Europe was the

A

introduction of a heavier plow

100
Q

True or False: Charlemagne permanently reestablished imperial rule in the Frankish realm during his reign from 768 to 814.

A

False

101
Q

True or False: The term “Vikings” originally referred to a group that raided the British Isles from their home in Vik in southern Norway.

A

True

102
Q

Theodora’s career before marrying Justinian was as a…

A

striptease artist

103
Q

In medieval society, political power was vested in…

A

local authorities

104
Q

Did Clovis’ successors keep or lose their authority after his death?

A

Lose

105
Q

True or False: Charlemagne was mistrustful of intellectual pursuits.

A

false

106
Q

Charlemagne fought for thirty-two years to conquer the…

A

Saxons

107
Q

In 962, when Otto I received the crown from the pope, it marked the foundation of…

A

The Holy Roman Empire

108
Q

At the battle of Lechfeld in 955, King Otto I of Saxony defeated who?

A

The Magyars

109
Q

In feudalism, the retainer would owe loyalty, obedience, and military service to his lord in return for…

A

grants of land or a benefice

110
Q

Clovis’s conversion to Christianity probably reflected the influence of his Christian wife, whose name was…

A

Clotilda

111
Q

After the fall of Rome, western Europe most closely resembled what other postclassical society in its political structure?

A

India

112
Q

When the Vikings established a colony in Newfoundland around the year 1000…

A

it did not create a permanent link between the eastern and western hemispheres

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