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Microbiology exam 3 > chapter 16 > Flashcards

chapter 16 Flashcards

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0
Q

process of adaptive immunity

A

human body recognizes antigens—> body produces antibodies or Tc cells—> antibodies or Tc cells destroy deactivate the antigen.

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1
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products.

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2
Q

what are the attributions of adaptive immunity 1-5

A 
specificity
inducibility
clonality
chresponsiveness to self 
memory
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3
Q

what are the two components of the immune system

A

cell-mediated immunity

humoral immunity

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4
Q

what lymphocytes are involved in humoral immunity?

A

b-cells and helper T cells

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5
Q

what lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A

T-cells

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6
Q

two main types of lymphocytes

A 
B lymphocytes (B cells)
T lymphocytes (T cells)
** both made in bone marrow
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7
Q

describe B lymphocytes

A
  • mature in bone marrow
  • found in spleen and lymph nodes
  • reduce antibodies
  • have BCR’s
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8
Q

describe T lymphocytes

A
  • mature in thymus
  • found in spleen and lymph nodes
  • have TCR’s
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9
Q

what are the types of T lymphocytes

A
  • cytotoxic T lymphocyte
  • helper T lymphocytes
  • regulatory T lymphocyte
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10
Q

what T cells directly kill other cells

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

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11
Q

what is the function of helper T cells

A

“help” regulate activities of B cells and cytotoxic T cells

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12
Q

what is the function of the regulatory cells

A

represses adaptive immune responses

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13
Q

what are the types of helper T cells

A
  • Th0
  • Th1
  • Th2
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14
Q

when a macrophage becomes and APC it produces ________that stimulates Th cells to become_______ which is which type of immunity?

A
  • IL 12
  • Th1
  • Cell-mediated
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15
Q

when a B cells becomes and APC it produces ________that stimulates Th cells to become _______ which is which type of immunity?

A
  • IL 4
  • Th2
  • Humoral
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16
Q

what are the human lymphatic organs

A

tonsils, adenoids
lymph nodes
appendix, bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels

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17
Q

what is the substance that stimulates an immune response when introduced into the body?

A

antigen

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18
Q

the part of the antigen that possesses antigenic determinants is called ___________

A

epitopes

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19
Q

what is an epitope

A

region against which the immune response is directed

-can produce T cells or antibodies

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of antigens

A
  • exogenous antigens: outside the cell being engulfed by cell
  • endogenous: proteins produced due to a virus produced inside
  • autoantigens: normal cells, but are not recognized by our cells
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21
Q

describe what are antibodies

A

soluble proteinaceous antigen binding molecules secreted by plasma cells which are B cells

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22
Q

are antibodies proteins

A

yes

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23
Q

what cells produce antibodies

A

B cells

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24
Q

why are antibodies called immunoglobulins

A

their structure is globular and function in immune response

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25
Q

why are antibodies monospecific

A

only act on the stimulating antigen

**one antibody for every one antigen

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26
Q

why are antibodies bivalent

A

two forks

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27
Q

describe the structure of antibodies

A

Y shaped

28
Q

antibodies are composed of two ____________chains and two ___________chains

A
  • light

- heavy

29
Q

how many antigenic sites are there

A

2

30
Q

what are the functions of antibodies

A
  • neutralization
  • opsonization
  • agglutination
  • antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity(NK cells)
31
Q

toxin/ pathogen. function blocks attachment

A

neutralization

32
Q

antibody attaches to receptors along with the antigen is has, so the pathogen is stuck. phagocyte swallows pathogen

A

opsonization

33
Q

antibody bind pathogen together forming a clomp. phagocyte comes and swallows clump.

A

agglutination

34
Q

Nk cells release toxins that poke holes in the membranes and lysis the cells

A

antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

35
Q

what are the 5 classes of antibodies

A
  • igM
  • igG
  • igA
  • igE
  • igD
36
Q

smallest, long-lived, most common in blood, crosses the placenta to protect fetus, 85% blood. which class antibody is this?

A

igG

37
Q

Largest, produced 1st in immoral immunity(5sites), complements activation, agglutination, and neutralzation, 1st produced and synthesizes the rest, short lived

A

igM

38
Q

agglutination and neutralization (crying, milk secretions)

A

IgA

39
Q

triggers release of histamines from basophil, mast cells

A

igE

40
Q

unknown <1% blood. what class of antibody is this

A

igD

41
Q

this antibody is present at high concentration in the serum is the ____________

A

igG= long lived antibodies

42
Q

what is the major histocompatibility complex of MHC

A

-cell surface glycoproteins coded by a region in the DNA of human chromosome #6

43
Q

what is the function of MHC

A

to hold and position antigenic determinate for presentation to Tcells

44
Q

class 1 MHC or MHC1 binds to _______________ and is found ________________

A

CD8 in cytotoxic T cells

all human cells except rbcs

45
Q

class 2 MHC or MHC2 binds to _________________ and is found on _______________

A

CD4 in helper T cells

B cells and macrophages

46
Q

exogenous antigens are bound by what MHC which are contained in the __________

A

MHC2, golgii apparatus

47
Q

what happens to the antigens during antigen presentation

A

they are processed for MHC proteins to display epitopes

48
Q

endogenous antigens are presented by ___________

A

MHC1

49
Q

exogenous antigens are presented by _________

A

MHC2

50
Q

what is the function of plasma cells?

A

produce antibodies

51
Q

what is the function of memory B cells

A

transform, then produce antibodies

52
Q

which cells are long-lived? short-lived?

A

memory, active

53
Q

immune response against antigens encountered in daily life.

A

natural acquired immunity

54
Q

response to antigens introduced via a vaccine

A

artificial acquired immunity

55
Q

active response to antigens via humoral or cell mediated responses

A

active immunity

56
Q

passively receive antibodies from another individual

A

passive immunity

57
Q

what are examples of natural active immunity

A

exposed to infection or free antigen

58
Q

what are examples of natural passive immunity

A

vaccine with killed or attenuated pathogens or their product

59
Q

what are examples of artificial active immunity

A

acquisition of transplacental or breast milk antibodies (flu vaccine)

60
Q

what are examples of artificial passive immunity

A

administration of immune serum (common)

61
Q

what are the 4 types of hypersensitivities (allergies)

A
  • type 1 (igE= medicated)
  • typeII : human blood cells involved
  • typeIII (immune-complex mediated)
  • typeIV (delayed or cell mediated)=T cells
  • 1-3= humoral
62
Q

what are examples of hypersensitivity type 1

A

urticaria (hives)
astrima
allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
anaphylactic shock (fatal in some cases)

63
Q

in type II hypersensitivity cell surface __________ of RBC react with the __________causing hemolysis

A

antigens, antibodies

64
Q

what are examples of type II hypersensitivity

A

hemolytic disease of neonates (Rh factors)-present in blood

transfusion reactions

65
Q

what caused type III hypersensitivity

A

-antigen-antibody complexes persist in circulation
-complexes initate blood clotting mechanisms
A. disseminated intravascular coagulation
B. failure of vital organs
-complexes deposit in skin, joints, kidneys
A. rashes, joint pain

66
Q

give examples of hypersensitivity III

A

hypersensitivity pneumonitis

glomernlonephritis

67
Q

what are examples of hypersensitivity IV

A
  • TB skin test
  • leporsy
  • leisnmaniasis
  • herpes simplex
  • contact dermatitis (poison ivy)
  • graft rejections

Microbiology exam 3 (4 decks)

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