chapter 15 Flashcards
what are 1st and 2nd line of defense called non specific
1st- skin, mucous mem., chemicals
2nd- phagocytosis, complement interferon, inflammation, fever
3 main lines of defense
1st line-non specific-innate immunity
2nd line-non specific-innate immunity
3rd line-specific-acquired immunity
what is 3rd line of defense called specific
-lymphocytes, antibodies
describe the interrelationship btween the defense mechanism
not independent of each other, but work together
what composed the 1st line of defense
skin
mucous mem
chemicals
processes= sweat, tears(removes microbes)
what characteristics of skin and mucous mem prevent entry of microorganisms in the 1st line..
skin has many layers
fatty acids= low pH of skin
mucous=one to few cell layers
compare skin and mucous mem
skin= outer layer cells are dead; inner layer alive and dry, sebum present, cilia not present, no mucous, lysosomes present
mucous mem= cells alive, moist, sebum not present, cilia only in trachea/uterine tubes
what are some chemicals present in the skin that are antimicrobial?
-dermacidi, lysosomes
name some processes that belong in the 1st line
sweat
crying
what are the components of the 2nd line
phagocytosis extracellular killing by leukocytes non specific chemical defenses inflammation fever
what are the diff kinds of white blood cells? where are they formed?
- basophil(inflammation)
- neutrophil(kill microbes with its enzymes by super oxide hyper-chlorites and nitric acid)
- eosinophil(secrete toxins on parasitic worms)
- monocyte(can leak out blood vessel and become macrophage)
what WBCs are involved in phagocytosis
neutrophils
eosinophil
monocyte
which WBCs are involved in inflammation
basophils
process of phagocytosis
- chemotoxis of phagocyte to microbe(attached to chemical)
- adherence(attachment of phagocyte to microbe)
- ingestion of microbe by phagocytes.. phagolysome is formed
- digestion of microbe by enzymes
- elimination(exocytosis)
name some phagocytes in human body
lungs- alveolar macrophages, endothelial cells
brain- microgilial cells, endothelial cells, erythrocyte
skin- dendritic cells
liver- kupffer cells
what are two types of cells that kill extracellularly
- eosinophils
2. natural killer lymphocytes(NKcells)
what cells mainly attack parasitic helmintns
eosinophils
what cells secrete toxins on the surface of virally infected cells and tumors?
NK cells
what are the proteins involved in 2nd line
complement system
interferon
defensins
what is a complement system
set of system proteins designated numerically according to the order to their discovery
what are the actions of the complement system
stimulates opsonization
stimulates inflammation
causes lysis of pathogens
what are interferons
protein molecules
discuss the action of interferons
-inhibit spread of viral infections
-effective against viruses with RNA genomes
3 actions: alpha- present early
beta- present early
gamma- later in course of infection
what are defensins and their actions
punch holes in cytoplasmic mem
interfere with internal signaling
interfere with proteins under heat stress
**in human inflammation increases production of defernsins
what is inflammation
response to tissue damage resulting from various causes
what are functions of inflammation
characterized by redness, head, swelling, and pain
what are two types of inflammation
acute
chronic
what is fever
a body temp over 37 degree C
what are pyrogens and name some types of pyrogens
-bacterial toxins (interleukin-I)
cytoplasmic content of bacteria released by lysi
anti body antigen complexes
what are the benefits of fever
enhances effect of interferons
inhibits growth of some microorganisms
may enhance performance of phagocytes
