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Microbiology exam 3 > chaper 14 > Flashcards

chaper 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

active growth of pathogens

A

infection

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1
Q

Presence of microbes/pathogens

A

contamination

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2
Q

infection acquired in health facilities/setting

A

nosocomial infection

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3
Q

disturbance in state of health of the host

A

disease

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4
Q

disease caused by microorganisms

A

infectious disease

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5
Q

disease-causing microbes—-> non-pathogen= non-disease causing

A

pathogen

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6
Q

degree of pathogenicity

A

virulence

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7
Q

ability to cause disease

A

pathogenicity

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8
Q

D= NV/R what does each letter stand for?

A 
D= disease
N= # of pathogens
V= virulence 
R= resistance 
*** larger number in numerator = higher chance of getting disease
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9
Q

disease is often a result of ____________

A

infection

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10
Q

what is normal flora

A

microbes that live on and in the body without causing apparent harm

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11
Q

healthy people should have equal _____________&______________

A
  • suseptability
  • resistance
    • higher susceptibility , lower resistance = good health
    • lower susceptibility, higher resistance = disease
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12
Q

what are the two types of normal flora?

A
  • permanent

- transient

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13
Q

some parts of the body that have normal flora??

A

upper digestive tract (sterile)
eyes and skin
reproductive tract

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of symbiotic relationships?

A
  • mutualism
  • commensalism
  • parasitism
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15
Q

both benifit, ex: bacteria in human colon

A

mutualism

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16
Q

1 is benefitted and other is not harmed

A

commensalism

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17
Q

pathogen causes disease, human harmed flora benifitted.

A

parasitism

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18
Q

describe how a newly born baby acquires his normal flora

A

placenta in healthy mothers= sterile
* as the baby goes out of the birth canal the baby acquires NV when it crys, eats, touched by parents, doctors, other materials such as clothes.

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19
Q

what are some pathogens that can cross the placenta?

A

protozoan
bacteria(syphilis)
DNA viruses(asymptomatic)
RNA viruses(aids)

20
Q

what is the importance of normal flora?

A
  • prevent attachment of invaders
  • deplete essential nutrients
  • produce antimicrobial substances that can kill other bacteria
21
Q

in which cases can normal flora cause disease?

A
  • immune suppression
  • changes in normal flora
  • introduction of NV into an unusual site of the body
    • E. coli can cause UTI bc its norm. habitat is large intestine
22
Q

what are the steps from beginning to end on how pathogens cause disease…

A
  1. transmission(portal entry) 2. adherence to target tissue
  2. invasion 4. colonization 5. damage of host
  3. exit(portal of exit)
23
Q

what is meant by portal of entry?

A
  • cuts, direct contact, food

* thru the respiratory tract—>lungs—->blood(which carries disease thru out the body)

24
Q

what are the portal of entry of pathogens in the human body?

A

anus, broken skin, insect bite, ear, eye, nose, mouth, placenta, vagina, penis, and urethra

  • placenta route-deep wounds/surgery= not normal transmission
25
Q

what are used by pathogens to adhere to target tissues? examples

A

1.attachment of pathogens to cells
2.uses adhesion factors
-attachment proteins
adhesions
ligands
-specialized

26
Q

once the pathogens are in their target tissues and if the growth requirements are met, the pathogens_______________

A

invade the tissues and grow

27
Q

what are examples of virulence factors?

A

enzymes, toxins, anti phagocytic factors, anti phagocytic chemicals

28
Q

enzyme that degrades hyaluronic acids= pathogens can enter.

A

hyaluronidase

29
Q

enzymes breaks down collagen and pathogen invades deeper tissues

A

collagenase

30
Q

enzymes that are produced by pathogenic bacteria, form a clot which protects bacteria in a clot.

A

coagulase

31
Q

enzyme that breaks down the clot, and releases the bacteria into pathways

A

streptokinase

32
Q

antiphagocytic factor examples

A

bacterial capsule

33
Q

antiphagocytic chemicals…

A

produce chemicals

ex: leukocidins= prevent fusion of lysosome and phagocytic vesicles (kill white blood cells)

34
Q

what is the portal of exit in the human body

A

ear wax, blood, skin, anus, tears, nose secretions, saliva, vaginal secretions (blood)

35
Q

what is reservoir of infection

A

sites where pathogens are maintained as a source

36
Q

what is zoonosis

A

animal to man diseases

37
Q

what are the 3 modes of disease transmission

A
  1. contact
  2. vehicle
  3. vector
38
Q

examples of contact transmission

A

direct- hands, kissing
indirect- drinking glass
droplet- sneezing within 1 meter

39
Q

examples of vehicle transmission

A

airborne- dust
waterborne- steam, swimming pool
foodborne- poultry, seafood

40
Q

examples of vector transmission

A

mechanical- body of flies, roaches

biological- lice, mites, mosquitoes(pathogens have to grow in a vector)

41
Q

how are diseases manifested?

A

symptomrs- pain, nausea, headache, chills
signs- both people can see, ex: swelling, fever, rbc count
syndrome- group of signs and symptoms, Ex: only you can feel it

42
Q

5 signs of infections disease

A
  1. incubation period- no signs/symptoms
  2. prodromal peridod- vague gen. symtoms
  3. illness- most severe signs and symptoms
  4. decline- declining signs/sym
  5. convalescence- no signs/sym
43
Q

how are infectious diseases classified

A
  1. taxonomic groups of pathogens, Ex: fungal or viral diseases
  2. body system affected by pathogens, Ex: nervous system(skin), cardiovascular system, and respiratory system
  3. how disease is spread
  4. occurrance
  5. longevity and duration of the disease
44
Q

how disease is spread…

A
  • communicable: spread directly or indirectly
    contagious: easily spread Ex: common cold
  • Non communicable: not spread Ex: acne
45
Q

types of occurrence

A

A. prevalence: # old plus new cases/time of disease (higher bc includes old cases)
incidence: # new cases/given time of disease
B. frequency and geographic distribution
-Sporadic: occurs occasionally
-Endemic: always prsent
-Epidemic: many people affected within short period
-Pandemic: worldwide epidemic

46
Q

types of longevity and duration of the diseas..

A

acute- develops rapidly, last short time
chronic- develops slowly but continual and recurrent
sub-acute- btween acute and chronic
latent- pathogens remain inactive for long period before producing signs/sym

47
Q

what is etiology?

A

study of location, course, and transmission of diseases within population

48
Q

what is epidemiology

A

study of the cause of disease

Microbiology exam 3 (4 decks)

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