Chapter 16 Flashcards
What are behavioural disorders?
- traditionally classified as social, psychological, psychiatric, or neurological
- reflect on the assessment and treatment roles different professional groups play
What is clinical neuroscience?
specialty in the field of neuroscience that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders affecting the brain and central nervous system
What are roadblocks to knowledge about behavioural disorders?
- subjective nature of behaviour
- caregiver and family subjectivity in noticing and reporting symptoms
- lack of specificity in identifying symptoms
- professional evaluators with different conceptual bases
What are different classification systems?
- World Health Organization: International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)
- American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH): Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
What is the most widely used classification of disorders?
DSM-5
What are causes of disordered behaviour?
genetic errors, epigenetic mechanisms, progressive cell death, rapid cell death, loss of neural connections and life stress
What are the RDoC pathogenesis of a behavioural disorder for PKU?
- genes
- molecules
- cells
- circuits
- psychological behaviour
- self-report
-treatment
What are different causes of disordered behaviour and an example of a disorder for each?
- genetic error: Tay-Sachs disease
- hormonal: Androgenital syndrome
- Developmental: Autism
- infection: Encephalitis
- injury: Traumatic Brain Injury
- toxins: MPTP poisoning
- poor nutrition: Korsakoff sundrome
- stress: Anxiety disorders, PTSD
What are different ways of treating behavioural disorders?
- behaviour modification
- cognitive therapy
- emotional therapy
- physical activity and music
- real-time fMRI
- virtual reality therapy
What are psychiatric disorders?
malfunction of the brain from structural volume, injury/lesions, functional recruitment and availability of neurotransmitters
What are the three general behavioural categories of psychiatric disorders?
psychoses, mood, anxiety
What is the most effective treatment for depression and anxiety disorders?
cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
What are the DSM six diagnostic symptoms of schizophrenia?
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized speech
- disorganized behaviour or excessive agitation
- catatonic behaviour
- negative symptoms
What pronounced anatomical changes in cortices is schizophrenia associated with?
temporal and frontal
What are brain features associated with schizophrenia?
- enlarged ventricles and a thinner cortex
- metabolic changes in some brain regions
- excessive pruning of short-distance cortical connections during development
- abnormal dendritic fields
What are neurochemical correlates of schizophrenia?
- dopamine abnormalities
- many other neurochemical abnormalities
- increases GABA
What receptors have abnormalities with schizophrenia?
dopamine, GABA, glutamate
What systems are associated with depression?
monoamine-activating systems
- noradrenergic
- serotonin
What is the relationship between neuroinflammation and major depression?
chronic inflammation-like effects in the brain can lead to decreased activity of the monoamine-activating systems that modulate mood which can lead to depression
What are different mood disorders?
- major depressive disorder
- bipolar disorder (type I and II)
- cyclothymic disorder
- premenstrual dysphoric disorder
How is depression treated?
- conventional antidepressant drugs
- neuroinflammation treatments
- CBT
What is cognitive-behavioural therapy?
- identifies on challenging the person’s beliefs and perceptions
- identies dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs that accompany negative emotions and replaces them with more realistic ones
What are treatments to anxiety disorders?
- pharmacological treatments
- CBT
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) circuit?
controls the production and release of hormone related to stress
