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PSYC2240 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are behavioural disorders?

A
  • traditionally classified as social, psychological, psychiatric, or neurological
  • reflect on the assessment and treatment roles different professional groups play
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2
Q

What is clinical neuroscience?

A

specialty in the field of neuroscience that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders affecting the brain and central nervous system

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3
Q

What are roadblocks to knowledge about behavioural disorders?

A
  • subjective nature of behaviour
  • caregiver and family subjectivity in noticing and reporting symptoms
  • lack of specificity in identifying symptoms
  • professional evaluators with different conceptual bases
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4
Q

What are different classification systems?

A
  • World Health Organization: International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)
  • American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH): Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
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5
Q

What is the most widely used classification of disorders?

A

DSM-5

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6
Q

What are causes of disordered behaviour?

A

genetic errors, epigenetic mechanisms, progressive cell death, rapid cell death, loss of neural connections and life stress

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7
Q

What are the RDoC pathogenesis of a behavioural disorder for PKU?

A
  • genes
  • molecules
  • cells
  • circuits
  • psychological behaviour
  • self-report
    -treatment
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8
Q

What are different causes of disordered behaviour and an example of a disorder for each?

A
  • genetic error: Tay-Sachs disease
  • hormonal: Androgenital syndrome
  • Developmental: Autism
  • infection: Encephalitis
  • injury: Traumatic Brain Injury
  • toxins: MPTP poisoning
  • poor nutrition: Korsakoff sundrome
  • stress: Anxiety disorders, PTSD
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9
Q

What are different ways of treating behavioural disorders?

A
  • behaviour modification
  • cognitive therapy
  • emotional therapy
  • physical activity and music
  • real-time fMRI
  • virtual reality therapy
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10
Q

What are psychiatric disorders?

A

malfunction of the brain from structural volume, injury/lesions, functional recruitment and availability of neurotransmitters

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11
Q

What are the three general behavioural categories of psychiatric disorders?

A

psychoses, mood, anxiety

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12
Q

What is the most effective treatment for depression and anxiety disorders?

A

cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)

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13
Q

What are the DSM six diagnostic symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • disorganized speech
  • disorganized behaviour or excessive agitation
  • catatonic behaviour
  • negative symptoms
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14
Q

What pronounced anatomical changes in cortices is schizophrenia associated with?

A

temporal and frontal

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15
Q

What are brain features associated with schizophrenia?

A
  • enlarged ventricles and a thinner cortex
  • metabolic changes in some brain regions
  • excessive pruning of short-distance cortical connections during development
  • abnormal dendritic fields
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16
Q

What are neurochemical correlates of schizophrenia?

A
  • dopamine abnormalities
  • many other neurochemical abnormalities
  • increases GABA
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17
Q

What receptors have abnormalities with schizophrenia?

A

dopamine, GABA, glutamate

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18
Q

What systems are associated with depression?

A

monoamine-activating systems
- noradrenergic
- serotonin

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19
Q

What is the relationship between neuroinflammation and major depression?

A

chronic inflammation-like effects in the brain can lead to decreased activity of the monoamine-activating systems that modulate mood which can lead to depression

20
Q

What are different mood disorders?

A
  • major depressive disorder
  • bipolar disorder (type I and II)
  • cyclothymic disorder
  • premenstrual dysphoric disorder
21
Q

How is depression treated?

A
  • conventional antidepressant drugs
  • neuroinflammation treatments
  • CBT
22
Q

What is cognitive-behavioural therapy?

A
  • identifies on challenging the person’s beliefs and perceptions
  • identies dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs that accompany negative emotions and replaces them with more realistic ones
23
Q

What are treatments to anxiety disorders?

A
  • pharmacological treatments
  • CBT
24
Q

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) circuit?

A

controls the production and release of hormone related to stress

25
Q

What happens to the HPA when we are stressed?

A

it is stimulated which secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone which stimulated the pituitary which then produces adrenocorticotropic hormone

26
Q

What happens when there is excessive cortisol?

A

damages feedback loops used to turn off the stress response

27
Q

What is a concussion?

A

initiate a sequence of brain changes that result in altered emotion and cognition

28
Q

What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?

A

progressive degenerative disease caused by multiple concussions and other closed-head injuries

29
Q

What are signs of a concussion?

A
  • headache
  • temporary loss of consciousness
  • confusion or feeling foggy
  • amnesia
  • dizziness
  • ringing ears
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • slurring
  • delayed response
  • dazed
  • fatigue
30
Q

What is a stroke?

A

interruption of blood flow to the brain

31
Q

How to spot a stroke?

A

F.A.S.T.
- Face
- Arms
- Speech
- Time

32
Q

What is a cerebral aneurysm?

A

a bulge in a blood vessel wall caused by tissue weakening

33
Q

What are treatments for stroke?

A
  • clot-busting drug called tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
  • neuroprotectants
  • therapies used to facilitate plastic changes in the brain following a stroke
34
Q

What is a ischemic stroke?

A

a stroke resulting from a blocked blood vessel

35
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

a stroke resulting from bleeding from a blood vessel

36
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

characterized by recurrent self-generated seizures which register on EEG as highly synchronized neuronal firing indicated by a variety of abnormal waves

37
Q

What can cause epilepsy?

A
  • genetic defect
  • structural/metabolic
38
Q

What are the classifications of epilepsy?

A
  • focal seizures
  • generalized seizures
39
Q

What are focal seizures?

A

seizure that arises at a synchronous, hyperactive, localized brain region (focus)

40
Q

What are generalized seizures?

A

electrographic seizure that starts at a focal location and spread rapidly and bilaterally to distributed networks in both hemispheres

41
Q

How is epilepsy treated?

A

status epilepticus
- GABA or glutamate antagonist
intractable epilepsy
- antiseizure drugs fail so surgical resection

42
Q

What is a disorder with myelin?

A

multiple sclerosis (MS)

43
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

loss of myelin in the motor and sensory nerves

44
Q

How is multiple sclerosis diagnosed?

A

image by MRI, MS lesions appear as dark patches around lateral ventricles and brain’s white matter

45
Q

What are two strategies that can reduce or reverse neurological and cognitive decline with aging?

A
  • aerobic exercise
  • brain training

PSYC2240 (5 decks)

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