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PSYC2240 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What are biorhythms?

A

cyclical changes in behaviour or bodily functions and defined by their periods

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2
Q

What are the different times of biorhythms?

A
  • circannual
  • infradian
  • circadian
  • ultradian
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3
Q

What are circannual rhythms?

A

period of about a year (ex: many animals’ migratory and mating cycles)

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4
Q

What are infradian rhythms?

A

monthly or seasonal periods greater than a day but less than a year (menstrual cycle but AKA circalunar cycle)

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5
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

a daily period (human sleep-waking cycle); internal biological clock

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6
Q

What are ultradian rhythms?

A

a period less than a day (eating behaviour)

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7
Q

What are free-running rhythms?

A

rhythm of the body’s own devising in the absence of all external cues

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8
Q

What is Zeitgeber?

A

clock-setting cue; environment event that entrains biological rhythms

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9
Q

What happens when a Zeitgeber resets a biorhythm?

A

rhythm is entrained: to determine or modify the period of a biorhythm

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10
Q

What is the best way to entrain circadian rhythms?

A

light

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11
Q

What is season affective disorder (SAD)?

A

a season form of depression that occurs in winter due to low levels of sunlight

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12
Q

What happens when we disrupt our circadian rhythm?

A
  • accidents
  • daytime fatigue
  • alterations in emotional states
  • obesity
  • diabetes
  • other disorders (metabolic syndrome)
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13
Q

What is jet lag?

A

fatigue and disorientation resulting from rapid travel through time zones and exposure to a changed light-dark cycle

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14
Q

What is the master biological clock?

A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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15
Q

How does the SCN receive information about light?

A

through the retinohypothalamic tract

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16
Q

What are different parts of the SCN?

A
  • ventrally located core
  • dorsally located shell
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17
Q

What is the process of the retinohypothalamic tract?

A
  1. photosensitive retinal ganglion cells respond to blue light
  2. retinohypothalamic tract carries info about light changes to core cells in SCN
  3. signal from SCN core neurons entrains shell neurons
  4. SCN drives slave oscillators and receives signals from other brain and body areas
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18
Q

What are intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)?

A

cells that receive blue light information in the retina

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19
Q

What are the two hormones that the SCN controls?

A
  • melatonin: from pineal gland so hormone circulates during the dark phase of circadian cycle
  • glucocorticoids: from adrenal gland so hormone circulates during the light phase of circadian cycle
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20
Q

What is the standard method of measuring sleep?

A

polysomnography (PSG)
- brain activity
- muscle activity
- eye activity

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21
Q

What are the conventional classification of the states of sleep?

A
  • REM sleep (R-sleep)
  • non-REM sleep (N-sleep)
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22
Q

What are the five stages of sleep?

A

W - waking
N1 - NREM stage 1
N2 - NREM stage 2
N3 - NREM stage 3
R - REM

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23
Q

What happens during the waking state?

A
  • alert wakefulness to drowsiness
  • beta rhythm (small-amplitude with fast frequency)
  • alpha rhythms when relax and closed eyes
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24
Q

What happens during N1 sleep?

A
  • sleep onset
  • theta-wave activity
25
Q

What happens during N2 sleep?

A
  • theta waves
  • sleep spindles
  • K-complexes (well-define sharp waves followed by slow waves)
26
Q

Why are sleep spindles beneficial?

A
  • a sign of a healthy and mature cortex
  • may contribute to memory formation during sleep
27
Q

Why are K-complexes beneficial?

A

proposed to play a role in the maintenance of sleep, arousal from sleep, and the balancing of activity across cortex

28
Q

What happens during N3 sleep?

A
  • deep sleep
  • delta waves (larger amplitude and slow)
  • muscle movement
  • no eye movement
29
Q

What happens during R-sleep?

A
  • periods of stillness and twitching
  • beta waves
  • inhibitory messages sent to spinal cord
  • body temperature regulation stops working
30
Q

When do vivid dreams occur?

A

REM sleep

31
Q

What is the Freudian perspective of dreams?

A

symbolic fulfillment of unconscious wishes (manifest and latent content)

32
Q

What is the Jungian perspective of dreams?

A

represents collective unconscious

33
Q

What is the contemporary perspective of dreams?

A
  • no meaning, random
  • biologically adaptive coping strategy
34
Q

Why do lucid dreams occur?

A

usually both the core consciousness system and the global consciousness system sleep together, but sometimes the global consciousness system awakens and observes the dream produced by the core consciousness system

35
Q

What is the necessity of sleep?

A

adaptive, restorative, supportive of brain health and memory

36
Q

What is the synaptic homeostasis memory theory of sleep?

A

associated with the function of sleep based on restoring synapses to a functional balance

37
Q

What happens when you are sleep deprived?

A

you are more likely to slip into a microsleep

38
Q

What is the multiple process theory?

A

suggests that different types of memories are stored during different sleep states:
- explicit memory is stored during N-sleep
- implicit motor memory is stored during R-sleep

39
Q

What is the reticular activating system (RAS)?

A

large reticulum (cell nuclei and nerve fibres) that runs through the core of the brain stem; associated with sleep-wake behavioural arousal

40
Q

What are the pathways from the RAS to the cortex?

A
  • dorsal: projects through medial nuclei of thalamus and responsible for arousal
  • ventral: projects through hypothalamus and basal forebrain and is responsible for awareness
41
Q

What pathways does RAS influence?

A

cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain
- waking beta rhythm EEG; alert but immobile
serotonergic neurons in median raphe of midbrain
- waking beta rhythm EEG; alert but moving

41
Q

What are the two regions involved in REM sleep?

A
  • peribrachial area
  • medial pontine reticular formation (MPRF)
41
Q

Where does the MPRF send projections to?

A
  • basal forebrain -> beta rhythm
  • brainstem motor nuclei -> twitches and eye movements
  • spinal motor neurons -> atonia
41
Q

What are the five categories of sleep disorders?

A
  • insomnia
  • hypersomnia
  • breathing disorders
  • parasomnias
  • sleep-related movement disorders
42
Q

What is insomnia?

A

inability to fall asleep, stay asleep or experience satisfactory sleep

43
Q

What happens when treating insomnia with sleeping pills?

A

drug-dependent insomnia

44
Q

What is fatal familial insomnia?

A

an almost complete inability to sleep and contributes to death within months

45
Q

What is hypersomnia?

A

disorder of falling asleep at inappropriate times or difficulty staying awake

46
Q

What is sleeping beauty syndrome?

A

a rare condition in which the affected individual has recurring bouts of excessive sleeping

47
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

inability to breathe during sleep, causing a sleeper to wake up to breathe

48
Q

What are two types of sleep apnea?

A
  • central sleep apnea: weak neural command to respiratory muscles
  • obstructive sleep apnea: collapse or blockage of the upper airway
49
Q

What are examples of parasomnias?

A
  • sleep terrors
  • sleepwalking
  • sleep-related eating disorders
  • nightmare disorder
  • sleep paralysis
  • sleep-related hallucinations
  • R-sleep behavioural disorder
50
Q

What are sleep terrors?

A

N-parasomnia with brief frightening dreams that may involve intense screaming, crying, thrashing, or fear that occurs again and again

51
Q

What is sleepwalking?

A

N-parasomnia that involves getting up and walking about

52
Q

What are sleep-related eating disorders?

A

individuals will eat instead of going to bed

53
Q

What is R-sleep behavioural disorder?

A

people behave as though they are acting out their dreams and may have damage to the subcoerulear nucleus

54
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

state of atonia occurring while a person is awake and active; linked to strong emotional stimulation

55
Q

What are sleep-related movement disorders?

A
  • bruxism
  • hypnic jerks
  • restless legs syndrome (RLS)
56
Q

What are three contemporary explanations for sleep

A

adaptive, restorative and supportive of memory

PSYC2240 (5 decks)

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