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PSYC2240 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do animals engage in prey killing behaviours?

A

rewarding behaviour

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2
Q

What are ways to modulate reward circuits?

A
  • to increase or decrease activity
  • chemical senses
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3
Q

What are androgens?

A

a class of hormones that stimulate or control masculine characteristics and play a role in levels of sexual interest in humans

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4
Q

What is the main reason for a particular thought, feeling or action?

A

what is happening in brain circuits

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5
Q

Why do animals get bored?

A

to stimulate their brain

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6
Q

How does the environment influence our behaviour?

A

reinforcers

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7
Q

What are reinforcers?

A

operant conditioning: anything that strengthens behaviour that follows

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8
Q

What is preparedness?

A

predisposition by an animal to emit behaviour to certain sensory stimulus

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9
Q

What is an evolutionary explanation of behaviour?

A

it relates to the darwinism view of natural selection and that any behaviour occurs because natural selection favoured neural circuits that produce it (evolutionary psychology); innate releasing mechanism (IRMs)

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10
Q

What is innate releasing mechanism (IRMs)?

A

trigger innate, adaptive responses for a species survival; prewired

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11
Q

What are regulatory behaviours?

A
  • required for organism’s survival
  • controlled by homeostatic mechanisms
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12
Q

What are examples of regulatory behaviours?

A
  • internal body temperature maintenance
  • eating & drinking
  • salt consumption
  • waste elimination
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13
Q

What are non-regulatory behaviours?

A
  • not required for survival
  • not controlled by homeostatic mechanisms
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14
Q

What are examples of non-regulatory behaviours?

A
  • sex
  • parenting
  • aggressive acts
  • preferential eating
  • curiosity
  • reading
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15
Q

What are homeostatic mechanisms?

A

process that maintains critical body functions within a narrow fixed range

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16
Q

What is motivation?

A

internal state of an organism that acts to initiate or energize behaviour

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17
Q

What is the critical neural structure in producing motivated behaviour?

A

hypothalamus

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18
Q

What is the hypothalamus’ role?

A
  • receives projections from all major subdivisions of nervous system
  • functions to integrate divers adaptive behaviours
  • acts to organize cerebral inputs and produces feedback loops that regulate cerebral info for homeostasis and motivated behaviours
  • hormones
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19
Q

How does hypothalamus maintain homeostasis?

A

by acting on both the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system to regulate internal environment

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20
Q

What systems do the hypothalamus interact with?

A
  • endocrine system
  • autonomic nervous system
  • neocortex
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21
Q

What is the principal function of hypothalamus?

A

control the pituitary gland

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22
Q

What are the principal hypothalamic regions?

A
  • periventricular
  • lateral
  • medial
  • ventromedial
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23
Q

How are hormones released in posterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. hormones synthesized in hypothalamus
  2. sent to axon terminals in posterior pituitary
  3. picked up by capillaries and carried to bloodstream
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24
Q

How are hormones released in anterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. releasing hormones synthesized in hypothalamus
  2. releasing hormones secreted into capillaries that carry them to anterior
  3. act on hormone-secreting anterior pituitary cells
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25
What are three factors that control hypothalamic hormone-related activity?
- feedback loops - neural control - experiential responses
26
How do feedback loops influence hypothalamic hormone-related activity?
allows for homeostatic control of hormone levels
27
How does neural control influence hypothalamic hormone-related activity?
influence from cortical regions via sights/thoughts/sounds
28
How do experiential responses influence hypothalamic hormone-related activity?
plasticity of neurons in response to change in stimulation
29
Why do we eat?
- to obtain energy - to acquire necessary nutrients - for pleasure
30
What happens to the food we eat?
we metabolize fats to fatty acids, proteins to amino acids and carbohydrate to glucose/simple sugars
31
What happens to the excess glucose we have?
converts into glycogen in liver and fat in adipose tissue
32
What happens to the excess fat we have?
converts into adipose tissue and releases cholecystokinin (CCK)
33
What happens when we are running low on energy?
liver turns glycogen into glucose and adipose tissue turns into fatty acids
34
What motivates us to eat?
external cues and internal cues
35
What are important structures of hypothalamus for hunger and satiety?
- arcuate nucleus (AN) - paraventricular nucleus (PVN) - lateral hypothalamus (LH) - ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
36
What is the purpose of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) for eating?
elicits eating
37
What is the purpose of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) for eating?
inhibits eating
38
What is the purpose of the arcuate nucleus (AN) for eating?
it has two major classes of neurons that initiate eating and reduces eating behaviour (a-MSH)
39
What are the different signals for hunger?
- low leptin and insulin levels - NPY and AgRP - melanin-concentrating hormone (LH) - orexins (LH) - Ghrelins (AN and VMH)
40
What happens when there are low leptin and insulin levels?
release of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP)
41
What happens when NPY and AgRP are released?
- parasympathetic nervous system activated - release of TSH and ACTH suppressed and slows down metabolism - feeding behaviour is stimulated
42
What are melanin-concentrating hormones?
- projections throughout cerebral cortex - higher-order motivated behaviours leading to feeding
43
What are orexins?
stimulates feeding behaviour
44
What are ghrelins?
food is more rewarding
45
What supports satiety?
mouth: - taste - chewing and swallowing stomach & intestines: - ditestion of duodenum - ditestion of stomach
46
Why is glucose important?
primary source of energy for brain and determines hunger from the availability of blood glucose and body's ability to metabolize
47
How is glucose regulated?
glucagon and insulin
48
How does glucagon regulate glucose?
converts stored glycogen back into glucose and increases when fasting
49
How does insulin regulate glucose?
helps store glucose as glycogen, assists in moving glucose from the blood supply into body cells and increases following meal and decreases when fasting
50
What is leptin?
fat cells produce leptin and signals brain about fat reserves
51
What happens when there are high leptin levels?
-release of aMSH and CART - activates sympathetic nervous system - inhibits feeding and increases metabolism - inhibits NPY and AgRP
52
What are three components of emotion?
- autonomic/somatic responses - subjective feelings - cognitive
53
What are the theories of emotion?
- constructivist theory - appraisal theory - neuropsychological theory
54
What is the constructivist theory?
suggests that brain interprets physiological changes as an emotion
55
What is the appraisal theory?
emotional episodes involve several components: - appraisal of situation - preparation for both mental and physical reactions - physiological responses - expressive behaviour - subjective feelings
56
What brain system is involved with emotions?
limbic system: - amygdala - hypothalamus - prefrontal cortex - hippocampus
56
What is the neuropsychological theory?
suggests that emotional control is lateralized: LH role in interpretation and RH role in feelings - LH damage = fearfulness, depression - RH damage = emotional indifference
57
What is the Papez circuit?
a neural circuit whereby emotions can reach consciousness
58
What is emotion?
complex psychological and physiological responses to external stimuli that can influence our behaviour, thoughts, and physical sensations
59
What is amygdala's role in emotion?
- responsible for regulating emotion and memory; brain's reward system, stress, fight & flight - influences autonomic and hormonal responses through its connections to the hypothalamus
60
What is the hippocampus' role in emotion?
- memory formation - learning and spatial navigation - provides context for emotional meaning
61
What is the prefrontal cortex's role in emotion?
involved in processing emotion and to select behaviours appropriate to the particular time and place - RH = negative emotions - LH = regulate negative emotions
62
What are symptoms of Klüver-Bucy syndrome?
- tameness and loss of fear - indiscriminate dietary behaviour - greatly increased autoerotic and sexual activity with inappropriate objects - tendency to attend to and react to every visual stimulus - tendency to examine all objects by mouth - visual agnosia
63
What are the main components of reward?
1. learning 2. motivation 3. affective
64
How is the reward system activated?
stimulation of medial forebrain bundle
65
What are the two distinct systems for reward?
Wanting and Liking
66
What neurotransmitter is related to wanting?
dopamine
67
What neurotransmitter is related to liking?
opioid and endocannabinoid
68
What is intracranial self-stimulaton?
a phenomenon in which animals learn to turn on a stimulating electric current to their brain, presumably because it activates the neural system that underlies reward
69
What are the two different kinds of thirst?
osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst
70
What is osmotic thirst?
results from high concentration of dissolved chemicals (solutes) in body fluids
71
What is hypovolemic thirst?
results from overall loss of fluids in body

PSYC2240 (5 decks)

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