Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC2240 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do animals engage in prey killing behaviours?

A

rewarding behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are ways to modulate reward circuits?

A
  • to increase or decrease activity
  • chemical senses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are androgens?

A

a class of hormones that stimulate or control masculine characteristics and play a role in levels of sexual interest in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the main reason for a particular thought, feeling or action?

A

what is happening in brain circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why do animals get bored?

A

to stimulate their brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the environment influence our behaviour?

A

reinforcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are reinforcers?

A

operant conditioning: anything that strengthens behaviour that follows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is preparedness?

A

predisposition by an animal to emit behaviour to certain sensory stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an evolutionary explanation of behaviour?

A

it relates to the darwinism view of natural selection and that any behaviour occurs because natural selection favoured neural circuits that produce it (evolutionary psychology); innate releasing mechanism (IRMs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is innate releasing mechanism (IRMs)?

A

trigger innate, adaptive responses for a species survival; prewired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are regulatory behaviours?

A
  • required for organism’s survival
  • controlled by homeostatic mechanisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are examples of regulatory behaviours?

A
  • internal body temperature maintenance
  • eating & drinking
  • salt consumption
  • waste elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are non-regulatory behaviours?

A
  • not required for survival
  • not controlled by homeostatic mechanisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are examples of non-regulatory behaviours?

A
  • sex
  • parenting
  • aggressive acts
  • preferential eating
  • curiosity
  • reading
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are homeostatic mechanisms?

A

process that maintains critical body functions within a narrow fixed range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is motivation?

A

internal state of an organism that acts to initiate or energize behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the critical neural structure in producing motivated behaviour?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the hypothalamus’ role?

A
  • receives projections from all major subdivisions of nervous system
  • functions to integrate divers adaptive behaviours
  • acts to organize cerebral inputs and produces feedback loops that regulate cerebral info for homeostasis and motivated behaviours
  • hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does hypothalamus maintain homeostasis?

A

by acting on both the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system to regulate internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What systems do the hypothalamus interact with?

A
  • endocrine system
  • autonomic nervous system
  • neocortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the principal function of hypothalamus?

A

control the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the principal hypothalamic regions?

A
  • periventricular
  • lateral
  • medial
  • ventromedial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are hormones released in posterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. hormones synthesized in hypothalamus
  2. sent to axon terminals in posterior pituitary
  3. picked up by capillaries and carried to bloodstream
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How are hormones released in anterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. releasing hormones synthesized in hypothalamus
  2. releasing hormones secreted into capillaries that carry them to anterior
  3. act on hormone-secreting anterior pituitary cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are three factors that control hypothalamic hormone-related activity?

A
  • feedback loops
  • neural control
  • experiential responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do feedback loops influence hypothalamic hormone-related activity?

A

allows for homeostatic control of hormone levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does neural control influence hypothalamic hormone-related activity?

A

influence from cortical regions via sights/thoughts/sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do experiential responses influence hypothalamic hormone-related activity?

A

plasticity of neurons in response to change in stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why do we eat?

A
  • to obtain energy
  • to acquire necessary nutrients
  • for pleasure
30
Q

What happens to the food we eat?

A

we metabolize fats to fatty acids, proteins to amino acids and carbohydrate to glucose/simple sugars

31
Q

What happens to the excess glucose we have?

A

converts into glycogen in liver and fat in adipose tissue

32
Q

What happens to the excess fat we have?

A

converts into adipose tissue and releases cholecystokinin (CCK)

33
Q

What happens when we are running low on energy?

A

liver turns glycogen into glucose and adipose tissue turns into fatty acids

34
Q

What motivates us to eat?

A

external cues and internal cues

35
Q

What are important structures of hypothalamus for hunger and satiety?

A
  • arcuate nucleus (AN)
  • paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
  • lateral hypothalamus (LH)
  • ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
36
Q

What is the purpose of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) for eating?

A

elicits eating

37
Q

What is the purpose of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) for eating?

A

inhibits eating

38
Q

What is the purpose of the arcuate nucleus (AN) for eating?

A

it has two major classes of neurons that initiate eating and reduces eating behaviour (a-MSH)

39
Q

What are the different signals for hunger?

A
  • low leptin and insulin levels
  • NPY and AgRP
  • melanin-concentrating hormone (LH)
  • orexins (LH)
  • Ghrelins (AN and VMH)
40
Q

What happens when there are low leptin and insulin levels?

A

release of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP)

41
Q

What happens when NPY and AgRP are released?

A
  • parasympathetic nervous system activated
  • release of TSH and ACTH suppressed and slows down metabolism
  • feeding behaviour is stimulated
42
Q

What are melanin-concentrating hormones?

A
  • projections throughout cerebral cortex
  • higher-order motivated behaviours leading to feeding
43
Q

What are orexins?

A

stimulates feeding behaviour

44
Q

What are ghrelins?

A

food is more rewarding

45
Q

What supports satiety?

A

mouth:
- taste
- chewing and swallowing
stomach & intestines:
- ditestion of duodenum
- ditestion of stomach

46
Q

Why is glucose important?

A

primary source of energy for brain and determines hunger from the availability of blood glucose and body’s ability to metabolize

47
Q

How is glucose regulated?

A

glucagon and insulin

48
Q

How does glucagon regulate glucose?

A

converts stored glycogen back into glucose and increases when fasting

49
Q

How does insulin regulate glucose?

A

helps store glucose as glycogen, assists in moving glucose from the blood supply into body cells and increases following meal and decreases when fasting

50
Q

What is leptin?

A

fat cells produce leptin and signals brain about fat reserves

51
Q

What happens when there are high leptin levels?

A

-release of aMSH and CART
- activates sympathetic nervous system
- inhibits feeding and increases metabolism
- inhibits NPY and AgRP

52
Q

What are three components of emotion?

A
  • autonomic/somatic responses
  • subjective feelings
  • cognitive
53
Q

What are the theories of emotion?

A
  • constructivist theory
  • appraisal theory
  • neuropsychological theory
54
Q

What is the constructivist theory?

A

suggests that brain interprets physiological changes as an emotion

55
Q

What is the appraisal theory?

A

emotional episodes involve several components:
- appraisal of situation
- preparation for both mental and physical reactions
- physiological responses
- expressive behaviour
- subjective feelings

56
Q

What brain system is involved with emotions?

A

limbic system:
- amygdala
- hypothalamus
- prefrontal cortex
- hippocampus

56
Q

What is the neuropsychological theory?

A

suggests that emotional control is lateralized: LH role in interpretation and RH role in feelings
- LH damage = fearfulness, depression
- RH damage = emotional indifference

57
Q

What is the Papez circuit?

A

a neural circuit whereby emotions can reach consciousness

58
Q

What is emotion?

A

complex psychological and physiological responses to external stimuli that can influence our behaviour, thoughts, and physical sensations

59
Q

What is amygdala’s role in emotion?

A
  • responsible for regulating emotion and memory; brain’s reward system, stress, fight & flight
  • influences autonomic and hormonal responses through its connections to the hypothalamus
60
Q

What is the hippocampus’ role in emotion?

A
  • memory formation
  • learning and spatial navigation
  • provides context for emotional meaning
61
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex’s role in emotion?

A

involved in processing emotion and to select behaviours appropriate to the particular time and place
- RH = negative emotions
- LH = regulate negative emotions

62
Q

What are symptoms of Klüver-Bucy syndrome?

A
  • tameness and loss of fear
  • indiscriminate dietary behaviour
  • greatly increased autoerotic and sexual activity with inappropriate objects
  • tendency to attend to and react to every visual stimulus
  • tendency to examine all objects by mouth
  • visual agnosia
63
Q

What are the main components of reward?

A
  1. learning
  2. motivation
  3. affective
64
Q

How is the reward system activated?

A

stimulation of medial forebrain bundle

65
Q

What are the two distinct systems for reward?

A

Wanting and Liking

66
Q

What neurotransmitter is related to wanting?

A

dopamine

67
Q

What neurotransmitter is related to liking?

A

opioid and endocannabinoid

68
Q

What is intracranial self-stimulaton?

A

a phenomenon in which animals learn to turn on a stimulating electric current to their brain, presumably because it activates the neural system that underlies reward

69
Q

What are the two different kinds of thirst?

A

osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst

70
Q

What is osmotic thirst?

A

results from high concentration of dissolved chemicals (solutes) in body fluids

71
Q

What is hypovolemic thirst?

A

results from overall loss of fluids in body

PSYC2240 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions