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PSYC2240 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behaviour as a result of experience that leads to the acquisition of new understanding, behaviours, knowledge, attitudes, and skills

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2
Q

What is memory?

A

the ability to recall or recognize previous experience

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3
Q

What is engram?

A

physical representation of learning and memory in the brain

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4
Q

What are two methods to train animals for animal studies?

A
  • pavlovian conditioning
  • operant conditioning
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5
Q

What is Pavlovian conditioning?

A

learning achieved when a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after its repeated pairing with some event

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6
Q

What is eyeblink conditioning?

A

experimental technique in which subjects learn to pair a formerly neutral stimulus with a defensive blinking response

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7
Q

What is fear conditioning?

A

conditioned emotional response between a neutral stimulus and an unpleasant event that results in a learned association

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8
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

learning procedure in which the consequence of a particular behaviour increases or decreases the probability of the behaviour occurring again

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9
Q

What are the two categories of memory?

A

implicit and explicit

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10
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

unconscious memory; includes skills, conditioned responses, or recall of events, upon prompting that is not intentional

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11
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

conscious memory: subjects can retrieve an item and indicate that they know the retrieved item is the correct one

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12
Q

Where is memory stored in the brain?

A

memory is not localized to any particular circuit or region but multiple memory circuits vary with the requirements of the memory task

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13
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

ability to recount what one knows, by detailing the time, place, and circumstances of events; often lost in amnesia; explicit

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14
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

ability to recall a movement sequence or how to perform some act or behaviour; implicit

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15
Q

What makes explicit and implicit memory different?

A
  • the set of neural structures that house each type of memory is different
  • the brain processes explicit and implicit information differently
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16
Q

What is encoding?

A

a process where information is changed into a form that can be stored in the brain

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17
Q

What is Semantic encoding?

A

the storage of input that has a particular meaning and becomes part of one’s knowledge of the world

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18
Q

How is implicit information encoded?

A

date driven/bottom up

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19
Q

How is explicit information encoded?

A

conceptually driven/top-down

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20
Q

What does short-term memory involve?

A

frontal lobes

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21
Q

What does long-term memory involve?

A

temporal lobe

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22
Q

What are the categories of memory?

A

short-term memory
long-term memory:
- explicit
- implicit
- emotional

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23
Q

What is priming?

A

sensitizes the brain to later presentation of same of similar stimulus

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24
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

autobiographical memory for events pegged to specific place and time contexts

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25
Q

Where are autobiographical memories stored in the brain?

A
  • ventromedial cortex
  • hippocampus
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26
Q

What would happen if you lost you personal memories?

A

i would recall but don’t know what role i play in them

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27
Q

What are the two subtypes of explicit memory?

A
  • semantic: facts, knowledge
  • episodic: experience, autobiographical
28
Q

What is impaired when you have amnesia?

A

explicit memory

29
Q

What are the main structures involved in explicit memory?

A

hippocampus and neocortex

30
Q

What are the main medial temporal areas involved in explicit memory?

A
  • entorhinal cortex
  • parahippocampal cortex
  • perihinal cortex
31
Q

Why are reciprocal connections to the prefrontal cortex of explicit memory circuits important?

A
  • maintain sense of experience after it passes (short-term memory)
  • maintains conscious awareness of medial temporal love functions
32
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

inability to remember events that took place before the onset of amnesia

33
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

inability to remember events subsequent to a disturbance of the brain such as head trauma, electroconvulsive shock or neurodegenerative disease

34
Q

What is consolidation?

A

process of stabilizing a memory trace after learning (hippocampus)

35
Q

What is the hippocampus’ role in explicit memory?

A

visuospatial navigation and recognition of object’s place

36
Q

What are the different classes of spatial cells?

A
  • place cells
  • head direction cell
  • grid cell
37
Q

What is the distributed reinstatement theory?

A

memory stores strengthened outside hippocampus through repetition

38
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

process of restabilizing a memory trace after the memory is visited

39
Q

What is trace transformation theory?

A

perceptual features of events are richly represented in the posterior hippocampus

40
Q

What is the hallmark feature of Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

memory decline but only definitively diagnosed at autopsy
- neurons no longer communicate and brain shrinks

41
Q

What are the principal neuronal changes that take place in Alzheimer disease?

A
  • loss of cholinergic cells in the basal forebrain
  • development of neuritic plaques and tangles in the cerebral cortex
42
Q

What is an important structure involved in implicit memory?

A

basal ganglia

43
Q

What is emotional memory?

A

memory for the affective properties of stimuli or events

44
Q

What is memory distortion?

A

memory is malleable so because memories are reconstructive they are susceptible to being manipulated by false information

45
Q

What type of memory does emotional memory involve?

A

both explicit and implicit memory

46
Q

What is the main brain structure involved with emotional memory?

A

Amygdala

47
Q

Why do we remember emotionally arousing experiences so vividly?

A

emotional experiences stimulate hormonal and neurochemical activating systems that stimulate the amygdala and the amygdala modulates the laying down memory circuits in the rest of the brain

48
Q

How does the brain have the capacity to change?

A
  • modifying synaptic connections (long-term potentiation)
  • forming novel neural circuits (new connections or new neurons)
49
Q

What are the moderators of plasticity?

A
  • epigenetics
  • hormones
  • neurotrophic factors
  • psychoactive drugs
50
Q

What has learning complex spatial information been linked to?

A

increased gray matter in the hippocampus

51
Q

What is behavioural sensitization?

A

the progressive increase in behavioural actions in response to repeated administration of a drug

52
Q

How are epigenetics involved in plasticity?

A

neurons involved in a memory trace can by methylated/non-methylated

53
Q

How are hormones involved in plasticity?

A

induce changes in synaptic structure

54
Q

How are neurotrophic factors involved in plasticity?

A

nerve growth factor: stimulates dendritic and synapse growth

55
Q

How are psychoactive drugs involved in plasticity?

A

drug-induced behavioural sensitization

56
Q

What part of the brain participates in species-typical behaviours, emotion and emotional memory?

A

amygdala

57
Q

What is habituation?

A

the process by which the response to a stimulus weakens with repeated exposure

58
Q

What is long-term potentation?

A

repeated high-frequency stimulation of excitatory neurons

59
Q

How can endogenous stem cells be recruited to enhance functional improvement?

A

epidermal growth factor

60
Q

What are effects of aging on memory?

A
  • loss of synapses and NMDA receptors in hippocampus
  • white matter loss in prefrontal cortex
61
Q

What are three ways to compensate for the loss of neurons?

A
  • learning new ways to solve problems
  • reorganizing to do more with less
  • replacing lost new neurons
62
Q

What are two methods of using electrical stimulation to enhance postinjury recovery?

A

direct cortical stimulation and deep brain stimulation

63
Q

What are learning and memory strategies?

A
  • frequent repetition, rehearsal
  • associative techniques
  • deeper level processing
  • increase motivation
  • enhance attention
  • timing
  • manage stress and anxiety
64
Q

How can we improve our memory?

A

encoding -> storage -> retrieval

65
Q

What system are emotions most associated with?

A

limbic system

PSYC2240 (5 decks)

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