Chapter 16 Flashcards
The Economy
Social arrangements that organize the production, distribution, and consumption of goods
Economies through time
Hunting/Gathering
Horticulturalism
Pastoralism
Agriculture
Pre-industrial
Industrialization
Post-Industrialization
Hunting/Gathering
Everyone acquiring food for immediate consumption
Horticulturalism
Turning soil, slash and burn
Pastoralism
Making a living by tending to herds of animals
Agriculture
Led to increase in population, animals used to pull plows
Pre-Industrial
Loved art, crafts, woodworking
Industrialization
Using non-animate sources of energy to produce goods
Post-industrialization
Smaller, more flexible workplaces
Sectors of the Economy
Primary: Exploiting raw materials
Secondary: Transform materials into goods
Tertiary: Provide services (75% of all jobs)
Labour markets
Primary: Stable and comfortable salary, fringe benefits
Secondary: Insecure and temporary, offer minimal pay, few opportunities to advance
Labour Unions
Represent workers to improve wages and working conditions
Approaches to Work
Functionalism: Work is an integral part of the social structure
Conflict theory: Alienation- De-skilling workers is the trend in industrial production
Symbolic Int.: Work defines sense of self-worth and acceptance
Feminist: Women live two separate working worlds
Capitalism
Grounded in private ownership of the means of production
(private ownership, ability to pursue
personal gain and profit,)
State Capitalism
Political and economic system combining free-market principles with social welfare programs
–> Assure all citizens have health care, education, etc.
Socialism
Raw materials and the means of production are collectively owned
(collective ownership,
centralized, state-administered planning agency, no profit motive)
Political Economy
Interactions of politics, government and governing, and the social and cultural constitution of markets, institutions and actors
Bureaucracy
a rational organization designed to
complete many routine tasks as efficiently as possible
Bureaucracy Features
Division of labour
Written records
Hierarchy of authority
Hiring based on expertise
Separation between duties and personal relations
Global Political Systems
Monarchies
Absolute Monarchy
Constitutional Monarchy
Authoritarian Regimes
Dictatorship
Totalitarianism
Democracy
Monarchies
Power and legitimacy resides in a single person or single family, passed down generationally
Absolute Monarchy
Monarchs defined through family membership
Constitutional Monarchy
Symbolic in that true leadership is held by elected body
Authoritarian Regimes
Controlled by rulers who do not allow citizens to participate
Dictatorship
Leader relies on personal loyalties and threats of force
Totalitarianism
No limits on leaders’ use of force
Democracy
Individual adult citizens select their
representative leaders through an electoral process
