Chapter 16 Flashcards
Intensity guidelines for youth training.
Moderate to vigorous Cardiorespiratory exercise training.
What special considerations do younger age groups have?
Progression for the youth population should be based on postural control and not the amount of weight that can be used. Make exercising fun!
Progression of aerobic training volume should not Exceed 10% per period of adaptation in youth. What this mean?
If weekly training boy was 200 minutes per week, increased to 220 minutes before further increases in intensity
What kind of activities tolerated by younger age groups well?
Intensive exercise exceeding 10 seconds. Provide sufficient rest and recovery intervals between intense bouts of Training.
For seniors, a more safe and effective program will be?
Matched appropriately to the clients abilities.
Special considerations for seniors.
- Progression should be slow, well monitored, and based on postural control.
- Exercises should be progress if possible toward free sitting, no support, or standing.
- Make sure client is breathing in normal manner and avoid holding breath as as in a Valsalva maneuver
- If client cannot tolerate SMR or static stretches because of other conditions, perform slow rhythmic active or dynamic stretches.
How should exercise modalities be chosen for seniors?
Should be chosen in progressed to safeguard against falls and foot problems.
What physiological considerations with one beware of when training seniors?
There is a higher rate of both diagnosed and undetected heart diseases.
When working with obese clients what should be the training focus?
Focus primarily on energy expenditure.
Have a minimum weekly goal of 1250 cal of energy expended per week.
Progressively increase to 2000 cal expended per week
What type of training is a priority in training obese clients?
Long-term aerobic endurance activities.
Resistance training can be added gradually.
Why must personal trainers use caution when placing an obese client in a prone or supine position?
Because these obese individuals are prone to both hypotensive and hypertensive responses.
Having clients perform exercises in standing position maybe more comfortable for them.
What should trainers Avoid when training obese clients?
Make sure the client is not straining during exercise or squeezing exercise bars too tightly, which can cause an increase in blood pressure.
What psychosocial aspects of training obese clients should trainers be aware of?
Make sure the client feels socially and emotionally safe. Such attention to their emotional as well as their physical well-being will help to create trust between the client and professional and assist the client in adhering to weight loss and exercise programs.
Special considerations for obese clients.
Make sure client is comfortable – be aware of positions and locations in the facility your client is in.
Exercise should be performed a standing or seated position.
May have other chronic diseases; in such cases a medical release should be obtained from the individual’s physician.
What are some possible undiagnosed diseases that obese clients may have?
Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes.
What intensity should obese clients be placed under?
60 to 80% of maximum heart rate. Use the talk test.
What is the primary fitness goal for individuals with type one diabetes?
Insulin control
What should be the primary fitness goal with individuals with type two diabetes?
Weight-loss
Why must care be taken when recommending walking to clients with diabetes?
To prevent blisters and put microtrauma that could result in foot infection.
Why should special care be taken when using SMR with diabetic clients?
SMR is inadvisable for anyone with peripheral neuropathy, Which some individuals with diabetes have.
Client with diabetes has prayerful neuropathy what should trainers watch out for?
Peripheral neuropathy may increase the risk for gate abnormalities and infection from blisters that may go unnoticed.
In diabetic individuals when may hypoglycemia occur?
Hypoglycemia may occur several hours after exercise, as well as during exercise.
For those recently diagnosed with diabetes when should glucose be measured?
During, before, and after exercise.
Some reduction in ____ and increasing in _____ intake may be necessary and Proportionate to exercise intensity and duration
insulin, carbohydrates
For diabetic individuals what is advisable after the workout session has ended?
Postexercise carbohydrate consumption is advisable.
In diabetic clients screening for ___________ is important.
comorbidities (The presence of one or more disorders in addition to a primary disease or disorder)
In the diabetic clients Substantial insulin dose ________ may be necessary before exercise.
reduction
What should Diabetic clients check for daily?
Check daily for blisters or skin injury and appropriate footwear.
What mode of training maybe inappropriate for diabetic clients?
Plyometrics.
With clients with hypertension is important to measure ________ all the time.
Body position.
Especially when head elevation is lower than the heart.
What is normal blood pressure considered to be? What is hypertension considered to be?
Normal blood pressure is 120/80
Hypertension is considered blood pressure greater than 140/90
What should individuals with hypertension engage in?
Low intensity aerobic exercise.
What type of exercise should hypertensive individuals avoid?
High-intensity, eyeballing resistance training.
Where should the majority of exercise for a hypertensive Client be performed?
Seated or standing position.
What should cardiovascular training focus on for hypertensive individual?
Stage one and progress only with a physician’s approval.
What mode of training should be used with care when dealing with a hypertensive client?
Plyometric training.
When dealing with a hypertensive client, what program should be used during resistance training?
Programs should be performed a circuit style or using the peripheral heart action training system.
Special considerations for individuals with hypertension.
- Avoid heavy lifting and Valsalva maneuvers – make sure client breaths normally.
- Do not let client over grip weights, or clench fists while training.
- Modified tempo to avoid extended isometric and concentric muscle action.
- Perform exercises in standing or see you position.
- Allow client to stand up slowly to avoid possible dizziness.
- Progress client slowly.
What are side effects of beta blockers in hypertensive individuals
Hypertension will attenuate the heart rate at rest and it’s response to exercise.
When it comes to clients with coronary heart disease, what most personal trainers have a clear understanding of?
The clients disease, medication use, and most importantly the upper safe limits of exercise – and any other restrictions – imposed by the clients physician.
What must happen in order for a client With coronary heart disease to proceed with training?
The clients disease, medication use, and most importantly the upper safe limits of exercise – and any other restrictions – imposed by the clients physician.
Once most clients be able to do if they have coronary heart disease?
Clients must be able to find and monitor their own pulse rate or use an accurate monitor to stay below there safe upper limit of exercise.
Specific considerations when attending to clients with coronary heart disease.
Be aware that clients may have other diseases to consider as well, such as diabetes, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, or obesity.
Modified tempo to avoid extended isometric concentric muscle contraction.
Avoid a living and Valsalva maneuvers – make sure clients breath normally.
Do not let client overbreadth weights or clench fists went training.
Perform exercises in standing or seated position
Progress exercise slowly
Special considerations for clients with osteoporosis
Correction should be slow, well monitored, and based on postural control.
Exercises should be progressed if possible toward free sitting or standing.
Focus exercises on hips, thighs, back, and arms.
Avoid excessive spinal loading on squats and leg press exercises.
Make sure client is breathing in normal manner and avoid holding breath as in the Valsalva maneuver.
What should a training do with the client who has severe osteoporosis?
Exercise modality should be shifted to wire exercises to reduce risk of loading fracture.
If not available use other weight supported exercises, such as cycling, and monitor the Signs and symptoms.
What is the protocol for clients with Osteoporosis when it comes to cardiorespiratory training?
Cardiorespiratory training should be based on the physicians advice and clients ability.
How should resistance training be performed with clients who have osteoporosis?
Resistance training should be performed seated or standing position. Phases one and two of the OPT model are appropriate.
How long does it take for training to have an effect on Bone mass?
Six months of consistent exercise at high-intensity, progress appropriately.
What sort of program and training methods should be used for clients with osteoporosis?
Programs should be performed in a circuit style or using the PHA training system, focusing on hips, thighs, back, and arms and progressing exercises to the standing position.
What is the difference between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis is caused by the degeneration of cartilage within joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a degenerative joint disease in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissue.
What time of day should individuals with arthritis avoid exercise?
Early morning.
What is one comorbidity associated with arthritis.
Osteoporosis
Special considerations with clientele diagnosed with arthritis.
Avoid heavy lifting and high repetitions.
Stay in pain-free ranges of motion.
Use only SMR if tolerated by the client.
There may be a need to start out with only five minutes of exercise and progressively increase depending on the severity of conditions.
Special considerations for cancer clients
Avoid heavy lifting in the initial stages of training.
Allow for adequate rest intervals and progress client slowly.
Only use SMR is tolerated by the client – avoid SMR for clients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatments.
There may be a need to start with only five minutes of exercise and progressively increase, depending on the severity of conditions and fatigue.
For clients with cancer__________ training is not recommended until the client has progressed to three phase one workouts per week.
Plyometric
Name the high-risk pregnancy conditions.
Individuals older than age 35, history of miscarriage, diabetes, thyroid disorder, anemia, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle.
What types of exercise are not advisable for pregnant women?
Performing exercises in prone or supine position, as well as uncontrolled twisting motions of the torso is not advisable.
What resistance exercises are not advisable for pregnant women.
Hip adduction and hip abduction machines are not advisable.
For cardiovascular exercise, what changes need to be made for pregnant women.
Aerobic exercise intensity should be below 40 to 50% of peak work capacity.
What resistance training program is recommended for pregnant women?
With clearance by a physician circuit training format is recommended. 1 to 3 sets of 12 to 15 reps per exercise emphasizing breathing control and rest, as needed, between sets.
What must trainers advise postpartum clients?
Changes that occur during pregnancy may persist for a month to month and a half. Ideally, postnatal women should be encouraged to read educate posture, joint alignment, muscle imbalances, stability, Motor skills, and recruitment of the deep core stabilizers.
Where should self myofascial release not be performed? (Especially during pregnancy).
Varicose veins that are sore, or on areas where there is swelling.
During more advanced stages of pregnancy, performing self myofascial release exercises in prone or supine positions is not advised.
Special considerations for pregnant women.
Avoid exercises and prone or supine positions after 12 weeks of pregnancy.
Avoid SMR on varicose veins and areas of swelling.
Plyometric training is not advised in the second and third trimesters.
What is dyspnea?
Shortness of breath.
Special considerations for clients with lung disease.
Upper body exercises increase dyspnea and must be monitored.
Allow for sufficient rest between exercises.
Intermittent claudication
The manifestation of symptoms caused by peripheral arterial disease.
Peripheral arterial disease.
I condition characterized by narrowing of the major arteries that are responsible for supplying blood to the lower extremities.
What is the primary limiting factor for exercise In a client who has peripheral arterial disease?
leg pain
Special considerations for clients with intermittent claudication/Peripheral arterial disease.
Allow for sufficient rest of the exercises.
Workout may start within 5 to 10 minutes of activity.
Slowly progress client.
