Chapter 15_Akhila Flashcards
absolutism
sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right
Bishop Jacques Bossuet
chief theorist of divine-right monarchy; argued that government was divinely ordained so that humans could live in an organized society; since kings received their power from God, their authority was absolute
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIII’s chief minister; initiated policies that eventually strengthened the power of the monarchy; eliminated political and military rights of the Huguenots while preserving their religious ones
intendants
royal officials sent by Richelieu to execute orders of central government; victorious in disputes with provincial governors; sent for financial reasons
taille
an annual direct tax usually levied on land or property
Cardinal Mazarin
Richelieu’s trained successor, allowed to dominate the government by Anne of Austria, wife of dead King Louis XIII; greatly disliked
the Fronde
a revolt during Mazarin’s rule; last serious attempt to limit the growing power of the crown until the French Revolution
Sun King
fostered by Louis XIV; the source of light of all the people; relates to the theory of absolute monarchy
Francois Michel Le Tellier
secretary of state for War for Louis XIV
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
replaced Fouquet as superintendent of finances; another noble of bourgeois origin
Edict of Fontainbleau
revoked Edict of Nantes; provided for the destruction of Huguenot churches and the closing of their schools; issued by Louis XIV
Versailles
where the court of Louis was; residence of the king, a reception hall for state affairs, and office building for the members of the government, home of royal officials and aristocratic courtiers
“natural frontiers”
the Alps, Pyrenees, and Rhine River; “natural boundaries” of France
War of the League of Augsburg
Louis XIV against the League of Augsburg (Spain, HRE, United Provinces, Sweden, England); brought economic depression and famine to France
War of the Spanish Succession
Louis XIV fought for succession to the Spanish throne; Spain and France vs. coalition of Eng, Holland, Habsburg Austria, and German states
Peace of Utrecht
confirmed Philip V as the Spanish ruler, initiating a Spanish Bourbon dynasty that would last into the 20th century; thrones of Spain and France were to remain separated
Gaspar de Guzman
chief minister of Philip IV; dominated the king’s every move and worked to revive the interests of the monarchy
Hohenzollerns
located in Brandenburg-Prussia; laid foundations for Prussian state; ruled northeastern Germany
Frederick William the Great
first important Hohenzollern ruler, laid the foundation for the Prussian state; built an efficient and competent standing army; established the General War Commissariat to levy taxes
Frederick III
less rigid and militaristic than his father; spent money building palaces, establishing a university, and copying the splendors of Louis XIV; became King Frederick I of Prussia
Habsburgs
Austrian, Holy Roman Emperors; never became a highly centralized, absolutist state
Treaty of Karlowitz
Austria took control of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia
Ivan the Terrible
1st rule to take title of tsar; expanded territories of Russia eastward; extended autocracy of the tsar by crushing the power of the Roman nobility, known as the boyars
Michael Romanov
the tsar elected by the Zemsky Sobor to end the Time of Troubles
Peter the Great
greatly westernized Russia; reorganized the army and created a navy; only consistent purpose was to win military victories; adopted Western mercantilism
Great Northern War
Peter attacked Sweden for access to the Baltic; Peter achieved vicotyr and Russia became a great European state
Battle of Poltava
Peter defeated Charles XII decisively
Peace of Nystadt
gave formal recognition to Peter’s acquisition of Estonia, Livonia, and Karelia
St. Petersburg
constructed by Peter the Great; primarily interested in military affairs; a brilliant general
Charles XII
defeated by Peter the Great; primarily interested in military affairs; a brilliant general
Janissaries
Christian boys converted to Islam; composed an elite force of troops for Ottoman Empire
Sejm
Polish diet; 2-chamber assembly in which landowners completely dominated the few townspeople and lawyers; elected kings who agreed to share power with the Sejm
liberum veto
Polish; the legal right of each member of the Sejm (legislature) to defeat by his vote alone any measure under consideration or to dissolve the Sejm and nullify all acts passed during its session
Dutch “Golden Age”
17th century; Dutch (United Provinces) held the center stage as one of Europe’s great powers
stadholder
Dutch provincial official responsible for leading the army and maintaining order
fluyt
a Dutch type of sailing vessel originally designed as a dedicated cargo vessel
James I
King James VI of Scotland who understood little of English culture, trumped by Engl. Parilament
Charles I
declined Petition of Right that granted king right to tax; pursued a course of “personal rule”; didn’t work with Parilament
Petition of Right
right that gave the king the right to tax only with the consent of Parliament, arbitrary imprisonment, quartering of soldiers, declaration of martial law in peacetime
Ship Money
tax levied on seacoast towns to pay for coastal defense, used to finance government operations besides defense
Logn Parliament
lasted from 1640-1660, took a series of steps that placed severe limitations upon royal authority: abolished arbitrary courts, taxes commissioned without Parliament consent, and Triennial Act (Parilament must meet at least every 3 years)
Oliver Cromwell
an Englishmilitaryandpoliticalleader and laterLord Protectorof theCommonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland; defeated King Charles I
Rump Parliament
53 member Parliament who tried to condemn the king on chartes of treason and adjudged that he was a traitor, tyrant, and murderer; Charles was beheaded
Commonwealth
republic of England
Levellers
advocates of ideas such as freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and a democratic republic
Instrument of Government
England’s first and last written constitution in which executive power was invested in the Lord Protector and legislative power in a Parliament
Lord Protector
a position held by Cromwell; the title of the head of state during the Commonwealth
Charles II
returned to England after 11 years of exile; restored monarchy and Anglican church; new Parliament (Cavalier Parliament)
Declaration of Indulgence
suspended laws that Parliament had passed against Catholics and Puritans
Test Act
1673; specifying that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices
Exlusion Bill
1678-1681; barred James from the throne as a professed Catholic ; failed attempt; created Which party and Tories party
Whigs
wanted to excude James and establish a Protestant king with toleration of Dissenters
Tories
supported the king, despite their dislike of James as a Catholic, because they did not believe Parliament should tamper with the lawful succession to the throne
James II
attempted to further Catholc interests; conflict with Parilament-named Catholics to highest positions in office; issued Declaration of Indulgence
William of Orange
Husband of James’s daighter Mary, invaded England; interveterate foe of Louis XIV-fought France with England’s resources
Glorious Revolution
1688; England’s war over monarchial government and its ruler; confirmed William and Mary as monarchs
Bill of Rights
affirmed Parliament’s right to make laws and levy taxes and make it impossible for kings to oppose or do without Parliament by stipulating that standing armies could be raised only with the consent of Parliament; helped fashion a system of government based on the rule of law and freely elected Parliament; foundation for constitutional monarchy
Toleration Act
1689; granted Puritan Dissenters the right to free public worship, although they did not yet have full civil and political equality since the Test Act was not repealed
Thomas Hobbes
political thinker who lived during the English Civil War, alarmed by revolutionary upheaval; claimed absolute authority over its subjects-Leviathan; human state of nature was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short; humans guided by animalistic instincts and ruthless struggle for self preservation, not by morals ro reason
John Locke
argued against the absolute rule of one man; humans live in a state of equality and freedom rather than war; inalienable rights-life, liberty, property; government should protect theses rights; people can overthrow government if they see fit
Leviathan
1651- major treaties on political thought published by Thomas Hobbes
Mercantilism
belief that total volume of trade was unchangable; favorable balance of trade: exports are greater than imports
Dutch East India Company
chartered company established in 1602, when theStates-General of the Netherlandsgranted it a 21-yearmonopolyto carry out colonial activities in Asia.
Rembrandt van Rijn
finest example of the golden age of Dutch paintings; opulent portraits; colorful; turned away from conformity and success to pursue own artistic style; died bankrupt; great Protestant painter
French Neoclassicism
emphasized clever polished and correct over creative/imaginative; Greek and Roman roots
Jean Baptiste Racine
French Neoclassical playwrite; Phedre, best play; influenced by Greek tragedies
Jean Baptiste Moliere
wrote, produced, and acted ina series of comedies that satirized the religious and social world of his time; “Misanthrope”-ridiculed upper class society, “Tartuffe”-ridiculed hipocracy
