Chapter 13 1-29 Flashcards
Christian humanism
profound preoccupation with religion; focused on sources of early Christianity, the Holy Scriptures; Christian humanists started to call for radical change; education could instill a true inner piety
Desiderius Erasmus
(1466-1536) formulated and popularized the reform program of Christian humanism; most influential of all Christian humanists
The Praise of Folly
written by Erasmus; criticized the most corrupt practices of his society; esp. harsh on the abuses committed by the clergy
Thomas More
(1478-1535) Lord Chancellor of England; presented a new social system in which cooperation and reason replaced power and fame as the proper motivating agents for human society
Utopia
written in 1516; an account of the idealistic life and institutions of the community of Utopia; reflects More’s concerns with the economic, social, and political problems of his day
pluralism
the holding of many church offices
indulgence
remission of all or part of the temporal punishment due to sin
Modern Devotion
popular mystical movement; spawned the lay religious order, the Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life, and a reform of monastic life in Germany and the Low Countries
Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life
a lay religious order produced by the Modern Devotion
Thomas a Kempis
best-known member of Brothers of the Common Life; wrote the great mystical classical of the Modern Devotion, The Imitation of Christ
The Imitation of Christ
deemphasis of religious dogma; a life of inner piety was preferable to dogma and intellectual speculation
Martin Luther
split with the Catholic church; salvation is achieved by faith alone; the Bible is the chief guide to religious truth; Protestant Reformation, 95 Theses
justification by faith
primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation; expounded by Luther
Albrecht of Brandenburg
purchased the archbishopric of Mainz with money from the Fugger Bank; paid the Pope and the bank with money from indulgences
Johann Tetzel
hired by Albrecht; a Dominican; sold indulgences
95 Theses
Luther’s response to indulgences sold by the Catholic church; marks the beginning of the Reformation
Johann Eck
Catholic theologian; debated against Luther in the Leipzig Debate; forced Luther to deny the authority of popes and councils
Reichstag
imperial diet (council) of the HRE in Worms, convened by the newly elected emperor Charles 5
Edict of Worms
Luther made an outlaw within the HRE; Luther delivered to the emperor and his works burned
Nuremburg
first imperial city to convert to Lutheranism
Philip Melanchthon
taught Greek and Hebrew in Wittenberg; supporter of Luther
Peasants’ War
revolt by peasants in Germany due to economic and social issues; condemned by Luther
transubstantiation
substance of the break and wine is transformed into the body and blood of Jesus; Catholic doctrine
Charles 5
HRE, had conflict with the French, Turks, papacy, and Germany’s internal situation; wanted to preserve Catholic faith in his empire
Francis I
clashed with Charles 5 over disputed territories, became known as the Habsburg-Valois Wars
Habsburg-Valois Wars
conflicts between Francis I and Charles 5 over territories; prevented Charles from concentrating on the Lutherna problem in Germany
Suleiman the Magnificent
led the Ottoman Turks; killed Louis if Hungary, moved into Austria, and was repelled in Vienna
Schmalkaldic League
defensive alliance formed by 8 princes and 11 impreial cities, all Lutheran; designed to counter Charles 5
Peace of Augsburg
important turning point in Reformation; division of Christianity formally acknowledged; Lutheranism granted the same legal rights as Catholicism
